LEMON Essential Oil and/or Hydrosol Profile
By Jeanne Rose ~ March 2019
Synopsis
of Lemon Oil and the Plant ~ A complete description of
Lemon, country of origin, characteristics,
skin care, formulas and recipes on how to use this oil

Lemon Common Name/Latin Binomial ~ Lemon is Citrus x limon (L.) Osb. It Is a cross of C. medica with C. x aurantium and called Lemon. The ‘x’ in the middle of any Latin binomial simply means that the plant is a cross and in this case several types of Citrus were crossed to eventually become “Lemon”. There are at least 25 different varieties of Lemon.
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Other Common Name/Naming Information and Etymology: There are many varieties of Lemon, several dozen in fact and each has its own quality. “In China, many Lemon varieties that are popularly cultivated are called landraces, and many of them are given local or vernacular names by the lemon growers. Scrutiny over the landrace names and their etymology suggests that a given lemon landrace might have a different name in different regions. This causes problems to breeders, commercial companies and farmers”4. To really give a proper name to a plant, you must use DNA markers.
Lemon, c. 1400, lymon, from Old French limon or “citrus fruit” (12 century.), which comes via Provençal or Italian from Arabic word laimun, or Persian word limun. Often yellow fruit is called ‘lemon’ while green fruit is called ‘lime’.
As an example, “Bearss Lemons, also called Lime, originated in Italy from a variety that is now extinct. It is like the Lisbon Lemon. The current version of the Bearss lemon (lime) originated in the early 50s in Florida and is a very popular variety for lemon-growers. It is a true Lemon, and it is high in Lemon oil. It is also popular because it produces high-quality fruit, a lot of Lemons on each tree, and because of its peel.”2

Family ~ Rutaceae, the Citrus family
Countries of Origins ~ Lemon tree is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering family of Rutaceae, and it is native to South Asia and primarily to North eastern India. “The origin of the Lemon tree is a mystery . . . although some consider it a native of Southeast China, others consider Lemon to be a sport or hybrid of Citron and Lime. Not mentioned in the early Roman writings and unknown to the Romans, it was Introduced to the Middle East about A.D. 1100, and described in the arabic herbals. Columbus introduced the Citrus fruits into the Americas in 1493. Seeds were planted in Haiti and the Dominican Republic and Citrus trees soon spread throughout the area.” 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols, p. 100-101.
Eden Botanicals Harvest Location ~ Italy
Endangered or Not ~ Not currently. This is an easily available oil and the cost is reasonable. Organic Lemon oil that is pressed from the peel can be obtained for as little as $185/kilogram.

General description of Plant habitat and growth ~ “Lemon is an ovate, pale yellow citrus fruit from a small species of
It is a tree growing up to 16 feet, with dark green leaves and branches which bear small “spines” (from which an essential oil of Lemon-Petitgrain is obtained). Always in bloom, the white flowers are highly perfumed. The fruits produced are pale yellow to dark yellow. The fruit used primarily for its juice is for both culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world and has both culinary and cleaning uses. The pulp and zest or rind is used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a pH of about 2.2, and that gives it a sour taste. It is a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and yummy lemon meringue pie.
Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods and
yields of Lemon oil ~
The peel is either expressed
or steam-distilled. Various methods of expressing have different yields. “Expressing
changes with location. Italian oils are a combo of machine and hand expression.
Good lemon oil retains its fresh Lemon odor practically unchanged on the
blotter until there is no odor left. Properly stored the odor of expressed
Lemon oil can last for years. Lemon oil is often divided into fractions” — no
amounts given, and this is from Arctander’s
Perfume and Flavor.
“Three
major chemotypes were distinguished for lemon peel oils: 1) limonene; 2) limonene/β-pinene/γ-terpinene;
and 3) limonene/linalyl acetate/linalool.”5— Journal of Agriculture
and Food Chemistry
Yield of Lemon Oil ~ “1 ton of lemon
fruit (8000-10,000 Lemons) will yield 14 lbs. of distilled oil, while
cold-pressing will yield 6-7 lbs. of oil per ton;
Steam–distillation = 1 ton Lemon = 14 lbs. EO;
Cold-Expression = 1 ton Lemon fruit = 6-7 lbs. of EO” — The above is from
Guenther “The Essential Oils”
So there is no one answer to
how many drops a lemon can produce from its peel. There are various varieties
used of Citrus limon (Linn.) and each
variety has different yields based on type of extraction whether it be
expression or steam-distillation. There are no figures that I could find that
said “x # of Lemons are in a ton”. My
suggestion is to measure out a 10 lb. bag of lemons and count the number of
fruit and then do the extrapolation. For food lemons there are 4-5 lemons per
pound or 8000-10,000 Lemons per ton which equals 6-7 lbs. of oil.
Anything on the internet about
this is probably made up. So, get your best mathematician on this and they can
extrapolate the answer based on the above and that there are 29.75 drops per mil and
29-30 mil per ounce. — Lovely math!!
Yield ~ 0.6-0.8% from the cold expression of the fresh fruit peel.

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Organoleptic Characteristics
Color – colorless to pale yellow to medium yellow (depends
Clarity – clear
Viscosity – Non-viscous
Intensity of odor – 2 for cold-expressed and 1 for steam-distilled
Taste – bitter and sour
Odor Description/ Aroma Assessment ~ The citrus scent of Lemon is distributed throughout the plant world in many types of plants such as Lemon Balm, Lemon Verbena, Lemon Catnip, Lemongrass, Lemon Thyme and Lemon Myrtle to mention a few. These plants are herbs, bushes, grasses, even trees. Lemon itself has a mild, fresh cleansing odor that is citrus-citrus top note, a slight floral heart note and very slightly herbal back note. You know it when you smell it. The Eureka Lemons are more strongly citrus or ‘lemon’ smelling than the Meyer Lemons. I prefer the scent of the cold-expressed peel of Lemon rather than the less interesting steam-distilled.

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GENERAL PROPERTIES
Properties and Uses ~ Citrus plants constitute one of the main valuable sources of essential oil used in foods and medicinal purposes. Properties are by AP=application, IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation.
Application: The essential oil when applied externally is an antibiotic, antiseptic, astringent, insect repellant, depurative, vermifuge and cicatrizing. Apply on some infections, acne, as an astringent and antiseptic, a cleanser, skin sores, infected wounds, insect bites, disinfectant, and with other oils for pain of rheumatism.
Ingestion; The Lemon essential oil should not be taken internally.
Inhalation: Inhale the crisp cheery scent of Lemon oil as a calmative, antidepressant, mild stimulant, digestive, antiseptic, febrifuge, and depurative (purifying and detoxifying effects).
Diffuse/Diffusion ~ Lemon oil is a good addition to many other oils in your diffusor. It is uplifting and invigorating. For clarity of thought add Rosemary to the Lemon, for uplifting your spirit add Basil or Spearmint, for a quiet calmness add Lemon oil to Spikenard.
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Emotional/Energetic Use: Use by inhalation for general fatigue and depression or physical exhaustion. Scott Cunningham mentions Lemon oil for use in ‘Moon oils’, for purification or to honor water magic.
Application in Skin Care ~ When used in combinations with other oils Lemon oil is cleansing and an astringent and particularly useful for oily skin.I have found it of great use in hand care and gave my recipe for hand cream in Kitchen Cosmetics, see page 73.

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SOME FORMULAS
Lemon Hand Cream
Squeeze a Lemon and strain the juice through a cloth. Pour the juice into a measuring cup and add an equal amount of Almond oil. Melt a small amount of beeswax (maybe a teaspoon) and add to the Lemon/Almond mixture a bit at a time — heat slowly and incorporate with the beeswax. Don’t let it burn. Stir and pour into a 4 oz jar and add 1-drop of Lemon oil. Stir in a figure-8 pattern* until integrated and cool. Cover. Do not disturb until fully cold. Rub a little of this on your hands whenever necessary. This is excellent to smooth and sooth rough hands. It is emollient and a texturizer.
*My mantra on stirring is “figure-8 around and around and figure-8 up and down”.
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HERBAL USES ~ Drinking Lemon juice will stimulate the white corpuscles in defense of the organism, with hot water and honey it will help to reduce fever, the juice repels internal parasites such as worms, it is a source for vitamin C, it is useful in infections or infective states and for asthma, flu, pneumonia, gargling for sore throat, tonsillitis, mouth inflammation, or for loss of appetite, urinary disturbance, dyspepsia, flatulence, burping, reducing fat in the obese, detoxification, general tonic and to purify water.
There are many ways to use Lemon juice and Lemon oil. A grandmother cure for colds and flu is to squeeze the juice of a Lemon into a cup, add hot water, a bit of honey and a shot of brandy, add a twist of Lemon peel which will give you some Lemon oil and drink this hot or cold. Hot will help you sweat that cold away and cold just tastes good. My Irish grandmother friend only used Irish whisky, my French mom only used cognac and my Italian godmother used Sambuca.” — The Aromatherapy Book, page 111.
We all have our regional recipes and choices.
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PERFUMERY with Lemon Oil. Blend with just about any oil. It gives an uplifting and happy quality to any blend and can be used in massage with any combination of oils. It is particularly effective in the top note of a perfume, especially with Grapefruit, Bergamot and other members of the citrus family. Try it with Bergamot, Black Pepper, a bridge of Cardamom; to smooth out the edges of Blue Chamomile or to enhance Roman chamomile. It smells delightful with Cistus and Elemi, and Coriander is a good bridge in a spicy perfume. It can also work well with Rose Geranium, conifers like Juniper or Fir absolute, and with the resins it enhances such as Frankincense, Galbanum, Labdanum and Oakmoss. Lemon is happy with florals such as Jasmine, Lavender, Neroli, Osmanthus, Rose, and YlangYlang. It is enhanced with Litsea cubeba, and base notes such as Patchouli, and Sandalwood are delighted to be paired with Lemon oil.
Remember there are two main types of Lemon oil, the steam-distilled, colorless and with very mild odor that I often call ‘white Lemon oil’ and the ‘yellow Lemon oil” from the cold-expression. I prefer the latter over the former because of the more intense lemon odor. There is also ‘green Lemon oil’ that has a slight pale green color, obtained from extracting under-ripe or green fruit.

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CITRUS TOP NOTE PERFUME & Succussion
TOP NOTE: 30 drops of a mixture of Grapefruit oil and
Mandarin oil.
10-15 drops of fresh tart Lemon oil.
If you use the white Grapefruit or the green Mandarin your perfume will be
brighter and cooler
than if you use pink Grapefruit and red
Mandarin.
Lemon comes from green tart Lemons, or yellow more ripe Lemons.
The scent will reflect what you choose.
HEART NOTE: 20 drops of a mixture of Rose absolute and Orris root
BASE NOTE: 10 drops of Sandalwood oil and Ylang Extra.
If you like what you have made and wish to duplicate in the future,
make the perfume again but this time weigh the drops to get a weight measurement.
Your future perfumes will be a better duplicate than one made from volume alone.
Add your carrier and
Remember that there are at least 3 kinds of Grapefruit, 3 kinds of Mandarin, 10 kinds of Rose absolute,
4 kinds of Sandalwood. Depending on which you use will result in many different scents,
all pleasant but all different.
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SUCCUSSION (mixing up from below)is the act of vigorously shaking your initial perfume blend to make a new scent called a synergy. Let it age a week or two. Finish off the perfume with additions if you need too. Then add the carrier. I suggest 95
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HYDROSOL ~I have used several Lemon hydrosols — from Lancaster Creations and Positively Aromatic. They are distilled from
There are 25 types of Lemon and I have been able to try at least three of them as hydrosols. I have used the Lisbon peel hydrosol and the Eureka peel hydrosol, both of which I found very helpful as a spray on the face and in/on eyes to soothe my aching eyes after a day of computer work. Also, they were more helpful as an eye spray to treat a stye than the hydrosol of the whole fruit. The whole fruit hydrosol of Meyer lemon was wonderful as a body spray and in the bath and the odor is entirely different from the peel when distilled.
Eureka Lemon – The Eureka lemon (Citrus x
Lisbon lemon is one of the most widely grown lemon trees in California and is planted extensively throughout the citrus-growing regions of the world. The Lisbon lemon grows vigorously into large, thorny, upright but spreading trees. It is believed to be a Gallego seedling selection of Portuguese origin.
Meyer Lemon – Citrus × meyeri, the Meyer lemon, is a hybrid citrus fruit native to China. It is a cross between a citron and a mandarin/pomelo hybrid distinct from the common or bitter oranges. Mature trees are around 6 to 10 ft tall with dark green shiny leaves. Flowers are white with a purple base and fragrant.

I really like to use the Lemon peel Hydrosol as a facial and eye spray especially after working on the computer all day. It is very refreshing and stops eye exhaustion.

PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol is distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.
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HISTORICAL USES ~ Lemon juice is used as an adjunct cure for colds and flu, to extract calcium from an eggshell (page 111 from The Aromatherapy Book), and as a disinfectant.
Do not drink Lemon oil – it is not the same as the juice.
INTERESTING INFORMATION ~ “The pulp of Lemon gives Lemon juice and citric
acid and is used culinarily and as medicine, specifically for scurvy. It kills AIDS
virus and is an efficient contraceptive as it kills sperm [citric acid in
ejaculate], so used by prostitutes since the 18th century”3
for this reason. There are many cultivars.
The tree was introduced in California in 1887. “The oil is effective in
removing ink stains and polishing metal, and as a solvent for computers. The juice is a source of citric acid. For many years the British Navy was required
to provide sailors with one ounce daily, to alleviate scurvy and other
vitamin-deficiency problems. The
essential oil is full of vitamins and minerals.
Used diffused in the atmosphere in banks and other commercial buildings
in Japan to reduce work error” Essential
aromatherapy, p. 143.
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THE KEEPING QUALITIES OF CITRUS OILS
“Lemon and Orange oils even improve after a year or two of cold storage in that some of the dissolved waxes separate from the oil and may be removed easily by filtration. The resulting oils are more soluble and produce clearer extracts. Neither odor nor flavor is impaired if the oils are kept in tin-lined fully filled drums.”6
KEY USE ~ Antiseptic, bactericide, digestive and insect repellant. I call it the “Oil of Slimming” ©
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CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ~ D-Limonene, Pinene, Citral, Gamma-Terpinene, Phellandrene, Citronellal, and Citropten (a lactone called 5,7-Dimethoxycoumarin). D-Limonene is a common naturally occurring compound with a citrus scent and often present in Lemon oil up to 60%. It is often used as an additive in food products and fragrances and is classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).
Physiochemical
Properties ~ Solubility – Lemon oil
is soluble in 3 volumes of 95% alcohol and more.
Specific Gravity at 25°/25° – 0.849 to 0.855
CONTRAINDICATIONS ~ One of the main components of Lemon peel oil is D-Limonene, a common naturally occurring compound with a citrus scent. It is used as an additive in food products and fragrances and is classified by the FDA as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). It has been known to cause contact dermatitis.
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ABSTRACT/SCIENTIFIC DATA ~ Peel oils of lemon, grapefruit and navel orange were tested for insecticidal activities against larvae and adults of Culex pipiens and Musca domestica. Lemon peel oil was the most effective against larvae and adults of C. pipiens. Grapefruit peel oil was more toxic to adults of M. domestica while lemon oil, was more toxic Musca larvae. On the other hand, the orange peel oil was the least effective against larvae and adults of both species. The toxicity of oils applied to larval stages was extended to pupal and adult stages. C. pipiens adults appeared with paralyzed legs, while M domestica adults appeared normal. The weights of pupae treated as larvae were generally less than that of the control. All oils produced deleterious effects on fecundity of survivors of sublethal doses. The effect was obviously recorded in treated adults. Treatment of Culex & Musca with oils caused serious latent effect. — Insecticidal properties of citrus oils against Culex pipiens and Musca domestica. (PMID:9707687). — Shalaby AA, Allam KA, etc.• Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology [01 Aug 1998, 28(2):595-606]
Citrus Names Seem to Change Regularly, these are the most up-to-date names for the citrus as of late 2015 when the Taxonomical Congress met. I am sorry to say that I am unable to locate the original source of this colorful chart.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
DO NOT APPLY COLD-PRESSED LEMON OIL TO SKIN PRIOR TO SUN EXPOSURE. It may cause photosensitivity. This means it could cause serious skin damage when exposed to the sun such as redness, itching, burns, blisters, and permanent skin discoloration. Steam-distilled Lemon oil does not contain the plant material that causes photosensitivity.

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There are hundreds of pages of excellent information on the web from many scientific sources. The Essential Oils by Guenther contains over 30 pages of information regarding Lemon oil. It is an amazing resource for Lemon oil and the Citrus oils in general. There is much information to digest in these two places and I suggest you read what is available.
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References:
1 https://www.etymonline.com/word/lemon
2 popoptiq.com/types-of-lemons/
3 Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3rd
edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
4 Employment of a
new strategy for identification of lemon (Citrus limon L.) cultivars
using RAPD markers. Q Mu, X Sun, G Zhong,
X Wang… – African Journal, 2012 – academicjournals.org
5 Volatile Components of Peel and Leaf Oils of Lemon and Lime Species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 4, 796-80
6Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Volume III.Krieger. 1974
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, CA.
Rose, Jeanne. Kitchen Cosmetics. San Francisco, CA.
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose & Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 1992

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