SPEARMINT

SPEARMINT PROFILE

By Jeanne Rose ~ April 2020

Synopsis: Yes, there is a difference between Spearmint and Peppermint, defined by their content of carvone and menthol as well as botany, folklore, odor description, properties. The uses of Spearmint described.

2 essential oil bottles of Spearmint with a piece of the plant — Essential oils courtesy of Eden Botanicals. *Fig. 1*

INTRODUCTION ~ Just don’t call it mint, call it what it is. Is it Spearmint, Peppermint, or Menthol-mint (Mentha arvensis)? There are 13 species of the Mentha genus. Here they are. The ones with the ‘x’ are made by humans by crossing one species of the plant with another, they are considered sterile and usually do not produce seed and have to be duplicated by cloning or by replanting the underground stems. Those in bold will reproduce by seed. But all types of mint can be spread by their stolons to form clonal colonies.
In this post we will mainly discuss the Spearmint and next month will concentrate on the Peppermint.
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•Mentha aquatica L. – water mint
•Mentha arvensis L. – wild mint or Japanese menthol mint
•Mentha x gracilis Sole – ginger mint
•Mentha x muelleriana F.W.Schultz – mint ([arvensis ssp. arvensis × suaveolens]
•Mentha x piperita – Peppermint [aquatica x spicata]
•Mentha pulegium L. – pennyroyal
•Mentha x rotundifolia (L.) – Egyptian mint [longifolia × suaveolens]
•Mentha x smithiana Graham – Smiths mint or Redstem Mint [aquatica, spicata, arvensis & hard to tell from Peppermint]
•Mentha spicata L. – spearmint (the mint of the ancients)
•Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. – apple mint
•Mentha x verticillata L. – whorled mint [aquatica × arvensis]
•Mentha x villosa Huds. – mojito mint [spicata × suaveolens]

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COMMON NAME/LATIN BINOMIAL ~ Spearmint, Mentha spicata

Botanical Family ~ Lamiaceae

Naming Information ~ Genus name comes from Minthe or Menthe, a water nymph in Greek mythology. And from a legend of the beginning of the Earth, “…When Man came, he saw the plants and remembered some of his past in the wonderful Kingdom, he smelled the wonderful scents and saw pictures in his Mind. So, whenever a man was asked the name of the fragrant plants, he called them mint.” —Kitchen Cosmetics, p. 78

COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN ~ Native to the Mediterranean.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT, HABITAT & GROWTH: Spearmint is a very hardy, perennial herb with bright green, fragrant leaves, that sets seeds, that quickly exhausts the soil and needs to be replanted regularly via the underground or over-ground stems or seeds. Many Mints behave in this manner. This species can easily hybridize with other Mentha species to form hybrids. This mint LOOKS different than either Peppermint or Lemon Balm. The green is softer in Spearmint than the bluish Peppermint, and it looks somewhat like Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) but not as hairy on the leaves. In Spearmint the leaves have little hairs on the backside or dorsal surface and the stems are red while in Lemon Balm the hair is on the top or ventral surface of the leaf and the stems are green. The smell is very eponymously Spearmint with none of the menthol from Peppermint or the lemon scent of Lemon Balm.

Spearmint was once called M. longifolia or M. viridis. It is a perennial that grows to 30 inches, glabrous (free from hair or down; smooth) with strong and sweet scent; leaves are sessile and lanceolate, to 2 inches long, acute serrate, arranged along square red stems, petioles about 1/16^th inch long; inflorescence is variable; calyx campanulate, teeth nearly equal, [all the petals of a flower called] the corolla is lilac, pink or white. Summer is the season. Origin not known; naturalized widely in Europe. Widely cultivated as sweet herb and for essential oils. Several cultivars. ²

Spearmint (Mentha spicata) and Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis). Both plants showing difference in the leaves, one hairy, one smoother. — **Spearmint and LemonBalm**. *Fig. 2*

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PORTION OF SPEARMINT PLANT USED IN DISTILLATION, HOW DISTILLED, EXTRACTION METHODS & YIELD ~ The over-ground tops and flowers of Spearmint are harvested, as, after maximum bloom, the oil content in the plant decreases. The plants are cut and allowed to dry on the ground, 2 or more days, depending upon the weather, until ‘clover dry’, that is, NOT brittle. They are taken to the various distilleries, packed into the tubs, moistened by the steam, sealed in and steam-distilled.

“There are two chemotypes of Spearmint dependent upon where they are grown. In Egypt, one had both good carvone and limonene and a better yield (grown in Siwa Oasis), while the other analyzed from Cairo had less quantity oil but with a higher percentage of carvone.”⁸
IF you wish to see a distillation of Spearmint go to https://peppermintjim.com/ and for the distillation of Spearmint https://peppermintjim.com/our-process/

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An essential oil gland of mint, showing the peltate trichome. — Peltate trichomes. ***Fig. 3***

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Yield ~ The over-ground plant is steam distilled. “A 3,000 lbs. charge requires up to 30-50 minutes and produces over 20 pounds of oil” 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols, p. 142. One acre of Spearmint may yield 35-40 lbs. of oil.⁵

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Showing the color (or lack of) of Spearmint oil and a portion of the plant. — *Fig. 4.* **Showing Spearmint oil and a portion of the plant**

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Distillation as such is an entirely natural phenomenon.
When, raising your head you look at the clouds in the sky, those are but the evaporation visible patterns. And when you tread upon the early morning dew, it is the condensate of the night.”… Georges Ferrando

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CO₂Extraction – Peppermint and Spearmint oils were extracted from cut green plants and field-dried hay with liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide at 297 to 316 K and 6 to 18 MPa. Solvent treatment was varied from 6 to 30 g CO₂/g dry plant material. Extraction time was varied from 4 to 9 hours. Extraction vessel charge sizes were 4.4 and 33 L. Downflow of carbon dioxide through the bed of mint plants was more effective than upflow. Essential oil compositions and attainable yields were nearly the same as those by steam distillation when single-pass mode of CO₂ with depressurization to atmospheric pressure was used for oil recovery. The recovery of the terpene constituents was reduced when using depressurization to 3–6 MPa for oil recovery and recycling of CO₂. The flavor and fragrance of the carbon dioxide mint extracts were closest in quality to actual mint plant leaves, compared to mint oils produced by conventional steam distillation.¹

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The sensory characters of Spearmint in a chart. — **Spearmint sensory characters**

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Spearmint oil in colorless bottles showing what spearmint oil looks like. One is slightly pink from Eden and the Crosby Spearmint oil is yellow. — Fig. 5. Spearmint oil courtesy of Eden Botanicals & Crosby Mint Farms

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ODOR DESCRIPTION ~ Spearmint and Caraway have the same component of scent, carvone, but a different mirror-image isomer. Spearmint has a fresh, herbal, green and minty odor with an odor threshold of 43 ppb (part per billion) while Caraway has a fresh, herbal and green, but spicy odor with an odor threshold of 600 ppb. An easy experiment is to mix equal parts of each of these essential oils and then pass the bottle around to students and have them guess what they are smelling. Because they both contain the same molecule, carvone, but a different isomer of it, you will have guesses equally on both sides of the scent and some people will be totally unable to figure it out. After smelling both, you will be able to isolate and identify each scent but when mixed together it becomes more difficult. This is a wonderful exercise for an aromatherapy class.

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ~ You will find numerous people and numerous websites that state that Spearmint has menthol. Spearmint DOES NOT contain menthol unless it is a specifically-bred or a hybrid variety that has been bred specifically for this. Since Spearmint is used to modify the scent and flavor of Peppermint, this may be where the mix-up in the plant began with people. In most of the GC/MS charts I have looked at, Spearmint does not contain menthol. In a few, I have seen menthol at less than 1% but here it could be that some Peppermint or Menthol-mint was mixed into the batch?
Spearmint does contain up to 56% l-Carvone, Terpenes, Limonene, Phellandrenes, and, sometimes, Linaloöl and Cineol.
Carvone is the same molecule that is shared with Caraway and the difference is that the molecule is chiral. Carvone occurs in both Caraway and Spearmint and accounts for their scent, a mirror-image compound, an identical lookalike (in the mirror) but a very different odor. They are perceived as smelling differently and that is proof that olfactory receptors must contain chiral groups, allowing them to respond more strongly to one odor or the other.

**Interesting Spearmint (carvone) chemistry**

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The chemistry of Brazilian Spearmint oil, (Mentha spicata), major compounds were carvone (67%), limonene (14.3%), muurolene (2.3%), and myrcene (2.1%). There was no menthol.

Carvone is considered to be an antioxidant. Results were compared with a standard antioxidant, α‐tocopherol. The results of the test indicate that S‐carvone possess high antioxidant activity compared to α‐tocopherol.⁷

As described above the main components are carvone for the scent and limonene, myrcene, and others. It is possible to distinguish by taste and odor between the dextro- and laevo-rotatory form of carvone, dextro-carvone in Caraway seed oil, and laevo-rotatory carvone in Spearmint herb oil. I have only seen one paper out of 25 that listed menthol as a component in Spearmint (Mentha spicata) and that was at 1.88% of the total. This paper co-listed Peppermint and Spearmint together.

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Two different isomers of carvone and two plants; Spearmint and Caraway. Fig. 6

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PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

……..Solubility – Spearmint is soluble in 1 volume of 80% alcohol and is turbid with more (lesser percentage) than that. If you make a hand sanitizer starting with 3 oz of 95% alcohol, add 4-5 drops of Spearmint essential oil, mix, and then add 1 oz. of water to reduce the percentage of alcohol to about 70%. You will see the turbidity of the product.

HISTORICAL USES ~ The herb tea has been widely used as a tonic drink almost everywhere it has been introduced.
……………The following refers to Spearmint or wild Mint, not Peppermint. In the first century A.D., the naturalist Pliny wrote: “The smell of mint (Spearmint) stirs up the mind and appetite to a greedy desire of food.”³ (Plinie’s Natural History First Century AD. Translated by Philemon Holland.). He recommended binding the head in a crown of mint, which delights the soul and is good for the mind. Pliny, along with Hippocrates and Aristotle judged it ‘contrary to procreation’, while the Greeks were of the opposite opinion: they forbade their soldiers to eat (Spear)mint because it so incites a man to love, diminishing his courage. It was found that the Greeks, not Pliny, have been shown to be correct.
In the 17th century, wild mint or Spearmint took a foothold in what is now Great Britain. Found growing in the wild, it was first cultivated in 1750, spreading to the continent in 1770. The English herbalist Culpeper prescribed the herb as a ‘great strengthener of the stomach’. During the 1800s, English herbalists and doctors alike used (Spear)mint in special Family Dispensatory Chests, which contained “those drugs and herbs with which one person, at least, in every village ought to be provided.”

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INTERESTING FACTS ~ Spearmint tea is poured after every meal in Egypt. One of the more interesting properties mentioned for Spearmint tea is that that could help treat mild hirsutism (hairiness) ) in women.¹⁰ Drink up to 5 cups/day.¹⁰ Maybe this is one of the reasons it is so enjoyed as a tea.

The oil extracted from Native Spearmint is used in Michigan and is considered highly concentrated. One pound will flavor 135,000 sticks of gum. Chewing gum companies regularly blend Spearmint and Peppermint oils to maintain a consistent and specific flavor. An advantage to growing mint is farmers may store the oil for several years if market prices fall.⁹

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SPEARMINT

Spearmint is an anti-inflammatory, calming, mucolytic, an antioxidant, and a tonic for the digestive system. It has a wonderful ability, when inhaled, to create a feeling of joy and happiness and therefore makes an excellent addition to stress relief blends. It is also packed with antioxidants and good for digestion, has been said to have anti-fungal properties, as well as the properties indicated for all sorts of respiratory problems and chronic bronchitis.⁴

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Antioxidant and antibacterial activities and composition of Brazilian spearmint (Mentha spicata L.)..Author links. —https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.007 … Brazilian Spearmint, Mentha spicata) The major compounds of the essential oil were carvone (67%), limonene (14.3%), muurolene (2.3%), and myrcene (2.1%).
•The plant leaf methanol extract has strong antioxidant activity.
•The plant component carvone is an anti-oxidant.
•The essential oil extracted by hydro-distillation has good antimicrobial activity.
•37 compounds were identified and carvone being the major compound in the oil.

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Spearmint Properties (by IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation or AP=application)
      Application: Antiseptic. Digestive. Fever reducing. Anti-inflammatory.
Ingestion:     Digestive. Antispasmodic. Digestive tonic.
            Inhalation:    Stimulant. Antidepressant. Tonic. Calmative. Mucolytic.

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Spearmint PHYSICAL USES & HOW USED (IG OR AP)

APPLICATION — The essential oil is used in many body-care products for soothing the skin and treating acne and relieving skin irritations. This is a wonderful herb to use in any bath herb, and the essential oil can be added to a skin lotion or skincare products. It is so refreshing and healing. Both the herb and the essential oil are excellent additions to products, blends, and foods. Please read Jeanne Rose Herbal Body Book for 400 pages of great information and formulas.

Try the Spearmint and Peppermint Lip Balm, roll-ons, room misters, and inhalers from Crosby Mint Farm. This is a family-run company that began over 100 years ago. See the photo below. https://peppermintjim.com/product-tag/crosby-mint-farms/

Bottles of Peppermint essential oil, body wash, and Spearmint essential oil and lip balm. — *Fig. 7a -Essential oils and products with spearmint and peppermint oil*

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INGESTION — The herb and essential oil can be used for digestive ailments. Nausea. Vomiting. Gums. Candies. Dental products.
•The herb tea is taken for digestive disturbances and is lightly fever-reducing.
•Chewing gum ~ Of all the flavors incorporated into chewing gum, Spearmint and combination mint flavors have been some of the most popular. Most widely used have been Peppermint and Spearmint as well as blends of the two. Typically, these two flavors are added to chewing gum in the form of their essential oils. Peppermint oil is derived by distillation of the aerial parts of the perennial herb Mentha x piperita L. Oil of Cornmint, derived from Mentha arvensis L. var piperescens, can also be blended with Peppermint oil. Oil of Spearmint is derived from the distillation of several varieties of this genus. The principle species and varieties are Mentha spicata L. and Mentha verticillata, and Mentha cardiaca. —part of a patent application filed in 1989 and 2020-03-28 Application status is Expired – Lifetime

INHALATION — Spearmint can be added to any blend that is used for respiratory ailments and chronic bronchitis. It has a relaxing and happy odor.
•Diffuse/Diffusion — Spearmint oil can be added to almost any blend where you want the scent of refreshment and joy. Try it. It will make you feel joyous.

EMOTIONAL USES (AP OR IN)— Spearmint is applied to the temples for headache; it can be inhaled as a memoristic antidepressant, and it alleviates mental strain and fatigue as well as acting as a tonic for the entire system.
            •Calming Spearmint E.O. is used by inhalation and blends can include Bergamot, most of the Citrus fruit oils, Cumin, Eucalyptus citriodora, Lavender, Marjoram, Spearmint (calming and joyous), and their comparable hydrosols used as spray mists.
•Emotional/Energetic Use – Uplifting. Reduces nervous stress and tension. Ylang Ylang Extra with a touch of Spearmint is a delicious scent to inhale for headaches or to soothe your depression. Dilute with a carrier oil or alcohol and put into a small bottle so that you can carry it around with you and inhale it whenever.
            Scott Cunningham in his book, Magical Aromatherapy, suggests that Spearmint an element of Air and whose magical influences are healing, protection, and promoting sleep and when inhaled it helps one with visualization to speed healing; wrap the fresh sprigs in a bag and inhale the bag as you fall asleep, visualizing that it is wrapping you in protective energy.

THE FORMULA FOR NINON BATH HERBS

            •This is one of the first herbal baths that I ever made. I found the formula in an old (260 years old then) and made it in 1969, wrote it up for my book, Herbs & Things and have used it ever since. It was #1 in my New Age Creations formulary.
________“Ninon de Lenclos, properly Anne de Lanclos, was born in 1620 and died eighty-five years later after having lived an exciting and scandalous life as a French courtesan, epicurean, and confidante to such literate men as Molière and Scarron and to the famous libertins of the period. She was forcefully retired to a nunnery, finally released, wrote La Coquette Vengée, retired from love (though she almost committed incest with her grandson at the age of seventy), and in her will left one thousand francs to Voltaire. She was a celebrated beauty. When she died in 1705 at eighty-five years, her body had retained her youthful curves; her skin remained moist and smooth. Her beauty secrets were many and varied but the one she felt to be most important was her daily herbal Bath:” …
•1 handful each of dried or fresh
Lavender flowers, Rosemary, Spearmint, Crushed Comfrey Root and Thyme.
            Pour a quart of boiling water over the mixture, cover, and steep for 20 minutes. Strain. Pour the entire contents into your bathtub, collecting the solids in sieve or sock, and soak for at least 20 minutes.
            For a nice variation, add 1 handful of Rosebuds.”

Spearmint grown in Jeanne Rose's garden in San Francisco — *Fig. 7.* Jeanne Rose garden Spearmint

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GENERAL HERBAL USES OF SPEARMINT – Mentha spicata

Medicinal uses ~ The Herb Spearmint has been used extensively for its medicinal properties for over 3000 years. It can be used internally as a tea, can be used to make poultices or balms, or can be inhaled to make use of joyful quality. Mints medicinal properties include stomachic, stimulant, calmative, disinfectant, and nervine. The following afflictions are treated with Spearmint herb and/or essential oil:
•Colds – The Flathead and Kutenai Indian tribes drank native wild mint or Spearmint teas to treat both the coughs and fevers associated with colds.
            •Digestive Ailments – An overall aid to most digestive disorders, it is especially beneficial in the treatment of flatulence, diarrhea, and colic, retching, and vomiting. A poultice of Spearmint leaves over the stomach region also helps to aid in digestive distress. Spearmint tea also helps to promote appetite.
            •Female afflictions- Spearmint can be used to treat strong menstrual cramps. In Near Eastern societies it helps to increase sexual desire, suppressed menstruation, decreases a mild supply of nursing mothers, and helps to relieve the breast of curdled or congested milk via compress. Spearmint tea reduces hirsutism in women.¹⁰
            •Fertility – The Japanese and Arabs believe that Spearmint tea, or chewing several fresh leaves helps to promote fertility in the male.
      •Heart Ailments – The Blackfeet Indians, as well as other tribes, chewed wild Spearmint leaves to treat chest pains and strengthen heart muscles.
            •Nervous System- All Spearmint teas have a soothing quality and are used to treat nervousness, fatigue, nausea, vertigo, hiccoughs, palpitations, anger, confusion, depression and mental strain.
       •Rashes – Spearmint oil can be rubbed on poison ivy rash, diaper rash and athlete’s foot.
     •Toothache  – A drop of Spearmint essential oil can be used directly on the source of pain to help alleviate the pain from both cavities and gum disease.

BLENDING AND PERFUMERY ~ Spearmint has a bright and joyous scent and can perk up any perfume that is heavy on the floral scent. It mixes well with Ylang Ylang. You just need a bit. Start with 10 drops of Ylang Extra and 1 drop of Spearmint. Smell it. Then add either more of the floral or more of the green herbal scent depending upon what pleases you. Remember that Spearmint contains carvone and not menthol and that it has an herbaceous and green note.
Spearmint blends with the herbs such as Basil, Lavender, Marjoram and Rosemary; it blends with spices such as Black or green Pepper, Ginger; with florals such as Jasmine and Ylang Ylang and with many of the citrus scents like Grapefruit and Lemon. These all can be used as mixtures for room diffusing.

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JEANNE ROSE’S TOMATO TALES – Spearmint

            In the early days of my keeping records of all the essential oils that I used, I also kept an emotion chart that I used with my students to get their favorite scents for certain emotions. This was in 1972 and I called the chart, “Scent & Psyche: Experience Aroma”. I had a paper file of dozens of these charts from all my previous classes and had included the information in a book that I had written called “Aromatherapy – Inhalations for the Mind”. If you have never heard of that book that is not a surprise as I took the written prototype with me when I went to New York in 1975 to speak before the “Fragrance Foundation” and lost it along with my suitcase at the airport and all my lecture notes as well on the way to the Plaza Hotel where I would be staying. It was a devastating loss to me not only because I lost my lecture notes but also that it was the only draft of the book that I was delivering to the publisher. This book once was written but was not rewritten and eventually evolved into “The Aromatherapy Book – Applications & Inhalations” and that can be obtained from my own website at this time.
……….One thing I learned from the collection of these charts is that many dozens of my American students always said that Spearmint made them happy, that it smelled like their childhood, that is smelled like chewing gum, but my Asian students thought it smelled like cleaning fluids. Scents do have power, and they also have cultural differences depending upon where you grew up and where you experienced them.
           Europeans also do not have the same ‘feelings’ about Spearmint as Americans do even though Spearmint is indigenous to Europe and Asia and then became naturalized in North America where it became a favorite.
            If you want to learn more about this, please enroll in my study program called The Aromatherapy Studies Course. Chapter 8 is a large part of that program.

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SPEARMINT HYDROSOL is known to have calming, cleansing, and carminative effects on the digestive system when taken as a drink and is used externally as a spray for skin irritations, is calming to the senses, and cooling on the skin. This hydrosol is a great skin toner, and if kept cold in the refrigerator it makes a wonderful relieving mist during a ‘hot flash’.

PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol should be specifically distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.

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A plant of native Spearmint from Crosby Mint farm in Michigan. Please note the smaller, more narrow leaves than the previous picture. — **Fig. 7a.** **Crosby Mint Farm, a native Spearmint.**

Fig.7a – Crosby Mint Farm Native Spearmint. Please note the smaller and more narrow leaves than the previous picture.

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HERBAL USE OF SPEARMINT

•HERBAL TEA of SPEARMINT. As previously stated, science has shown that 2-5 cups per day of Spearmint tea will relieve hairiness and PCOS in women.¹⁰. It is also delicious to drink and is very refreshing.

•HERBAL BATHS, SHAMPOOS, AND HAIR CONDITIONERS. It is so easy to customize your hair, skin and body care products with herbs. And Spearmint is ideal for this. I am in love with a mixture of Spearmint and Rosemary herb in my shampoo and hair conditioner. I just get my favorite shampoo or conditioner and customize it by adding ¼ cup of a strong infusion of these herbs to 1-oz of the product and then proceed to wash or condition as usual. is 400 pages of skincare formulas and recipes using both herbs and essential oils. It is available from jeannerose.net.

•CULINARY USE OF SPEARMINT ~ Spearmint has been used extensively in the preparation of foods throughout the world. Though seldom cooked, mint can be used to make teas, jellies, candies, and gums. In the Middle East, mint leaves are added to salads, which makes it more flavorful, as well as adds high concentrations of vitamins A, C and carotene. Mint (spearmint) sauce is the basic accompaniment to roast lamb and veal and is said to help in the digestion of these (immature) meats. [see The Herbal Guide to Food for more uses.]
Mentha spicata could also be considered an antioxidant source. In fact, spearmint and spearmint extracts are often used as preservative agents to delay the oxidative degradation that occurs in food during processing or over time with storage.⁶

•Cocktails and Beverages.

•The Ginger Rogers as submitted by that super innovative, and historically accurate barman, Marcovaldo Dionysos is one of his two favorite cocktails with Spearmint. Both were featured on the menu at Absinthe Brasserie & Bar when it opened in 1998 in San Francisco, and the Ginger Rogers was the most popular drink on the menu for many years. He says, “I like to refer to the Ginger Rogers as a “Mojito, backward in high heels”, referring to the dance steps she had to perform with Fred Astaire”. It was adapted from the “Favorite Cocktail” from Drinks, by Jacques Straub (1914).

10-12 fresh Spearmint leaves
2 oz London dry gin
¾ oz fresh lemon juice
¾ oz Ginger syrup
2 oz. Ginger ale
Muddle the mint in a highball glass, then add the remaining ingredients, add ice, stir and garnish with a Spearmint sprig.

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•Cocktails with Spearmint Include The famous ‘Mint julep” from Kentucky that you have to drink in May at the start of the Kentucky Derby – except maybe, in 2020, when we are all ‘sheltering in place’ because of the COVID-19 Virus. The Kentucky Derby has been run continuously since 1875 and only postponed once.

•Here is a recipe for a Brazilian Cachaca Julep. 2 ½ parts Cachaca, ¾ parts whiskey or Southern Comfort which was beloved by Janis Joplin, ¾ parts sugar syrup, ¾ parts lime juice and 6 pieces fresh Spearmint leaves added at the end. Add ice to the shaker and then all of the ingredients, shake well. Strain into a tall glass and garnish with the Spearmint. I also like to mash some of the Spearmint with the sugar syrup first.

a drink called the Brazilian Mint Julepwith cachaca — Brazilian Mint Julep with cachaca. *Fig. 9*

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•Herb and flower kinds of butter are a delicious and easy way to add flavor to foods. Herb butters are simply freshly picked herbs that are finely chopped and blended into sweet (unsalted) butter, mixing it thoroughly and then refrigerating so that the flavor and scent permeate the butter. You must contain them in a glass jar or Pyrex container so that the scents of the fridge do not permeate the delicate scent and flavor of the butters. Also, label it so you will remember one from the other. These butters are delicious on vegetables or spread upon toast or crackers. They are necessary when having a tea party. They have not been widely used since Victorian times and may have simply dropped out of fashion…
In most cases, fresh herbs are preferable to dried herbs and flowers. Mashed dried seeds such as Anise seed are also used. And margarine will not do, you must use good sweet butter. Finely chop the fresh herbs or flowers and then mash them into the butter, cream your herbs or flowers into the softened butter with a fork or back of a wooden spoon. Two tablespoons of herb part for every quarter-pound stick of butter. Add just a touch of Lemon juice or white wine vinegar to bring up the flavor of the herb and refrigerate overnight to allow fully flavor to develop. Spearmint butter is good with meats such as lamb and on cookies and pastries. —The Herbal Guide to Food.

•Spearmint jelly is really delicious. I used to make it whenever we had lamb for dinner. I have a very simple recipe in my Herbal Guide to Food, p. 216. It only says mint, but I can assure you I was discussing Spearmint. When I wrote this book, I was not as particular as I am now about the name of which mint, I was discussing.

KEY USE ~ Dentifrice products and as an antidepressant.

RESOURCES ~ There are many herb stores, nurseries, home product-makers, skincare companies that make and use Spearmint. When you look at the label make sure the mint, they mention is Spearmint, Mentha spicata, for that sweet and joyous herb that we all enjoy so much.

This illustration of types of mint is by Annetta Gunter and comes from the book, Kitchen Cosmetics, by Jeanne Rose. — **This illustration by Annetta Gunter comes from Kitchen Cosmetics**
By Jeanne Rose. *Fig. 10*

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SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES

Influence of Drying on the Flavor Quality of Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) • M. Consuelo Díaz-Maroto, M. Soledad Pérez-Coello, M. A. González Viñas, M. Dolores Cabezudo • Cite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 5, 1265-1269; Publication Date: January 22, 2003 • https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020805l • Copyright © 2003 American Chemical Society
Abstract. Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) was dried using three different drying methods: oven-drying at 45 °C, air-drying at ambient temperature, and freeze-drying. The effect of the drying method on the volatile compounds and on the structural integrity and sensory characteristics of the spice was evaluated. The volatile components from fresh and dried spearmint samples were isolated by simultaneous distillation−extraction (SDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 28 compounds were identified, carvone, limonene, and 1,8-cineole, in that order, being the main components in all of the samples. Oven-drying at 45 °C and air-drying at ambient temperature were the methods that produced the best results. An increase in monoterpenes was observed in all of the dried samples, except in the freeze-dried samples that underwent freezing at −198 °C. Freeze-drying resulted in substantial losses in oxygenated terpenes and sesquiterpenes. The effect of each drying method on leaf structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. From a sensory standpoint, drying the spearmint brought about a decrease in herbaceous and floral notes together with an increase in minty odor.
Keywords: Mentha spicata L.; spearmint; drying; volatile compounds

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Abstract/Scientific Data: Inhibition by the essential oils of peppermint and spearmint of the growth of pathogenic bacteria. H. Imai, K. Osawa, H. Yasuda, H. Hamashima, T. Arai and M. Sasatsu … The effects of the, essential oils of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), spearmint Mentha spicata L.) and Japanese menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.), of four major constituents of the essential oil of peppermint, and of three major constituents of the essential oil of spearmint, on the proliferation of Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) were examined. The essential oils and the various constituents inhibited the proliferation of each strain in liquid culture in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, they exhibited bactericidal activity in phosphate-buffered saline. The antibacterial activities varied among the bacterial species tested but were almost the same against antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-sensitive strains of Helicobacter pylori and S. aureus. Thus, the essential oils and their constituents may be useful as potential antibacterial agents for inhibition of the growth of pathogens.

REFERENCES ~

¹https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-8446(92)90002-2 • Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of peppermint and spearmint
²Staff of L. H. Bailey Hortorium • Hortus Third • Macmillan Publishing. 1976
³Plinie’s Natural History First Century AD. Translated by Philemon Holland.
⁴The Mint Family – Uses of Mints ~ Mints are not Just for After Dinner By Linda L. Hein with additions by Jeanne Rose
⁵Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Vol III, p. 679. Krieger Publishing. 1974
⁶https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274304/
⁷https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10826070600674893?src=recsys
⁸https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00217-003-0802-4
⁹http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/mint.html
¹⁰https://www.endocrine-abstracts.org/ea/0015/ea0015p282 (there are many articles about hirsutism and Spearmint tea)

Landing, James E. American Essence, A History of Mint in the United States. Kalamazoo Public Museum. 1969

Mojay, Gabriel. Aromatherapy for Healing the Spirit. Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press, 1999.

Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999

Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, California:

Rose, Jeanne. Herbal Guide to Food. 1989. Available from /books.html

Rose, Jeanne. Kitchen Cosmetics. 1978. Available from /books.html

Rose, Jeanne. . 2000. Available from /books.html

Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose & Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 1992.

Worwood, Susan & Valerie Ann. essential aromatherapy, a pocket guide … Novato, California: New World Library, 2003.

MINT LIMERICK
Crick Crack, crick crack Crunch
I like some Spearmint in my lunch
A little green
So very clean
I’ll also have it at my brunch. …JeanneRose2013

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

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Fig. 12 – beautiful Spearmint

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Moderation in All Things.
Be moderate in your use of essential oils as they are just not sustainable for the environment. Be selective and more moderate in your usage. Use the herb first as a tea or the infusion. —JeanneRose 2014

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CEDARWOOD

Mar20

Cedar is an ancient tree that has been used by generations of humans for physical, emotional and ritual/meditative uses. It has been confused with an American Juniper tree. Learn more.

By Jeanne Rose ~ March 2020

A true Cedar (Cedrus atlantica), tree in the SF Botanical Garden — **Cedar (****Cedrus atlantica) tree in the SF Botanical Garden – fig.1**

CEDARWOOD of (ATLAS) PROFILE

CEDAR is a common name used for several different trees from two totally different families of trees. Both family Pinaceæ and family Cupressaceæ are in the Coniferae Order of plants. Here we encounter the confusion that common names create. There are many types of Cedar trees: true Cedars from the Genus Cedrus and other trees which are actually from other genera yet also have the common name of Cedar. True Cedar, only of the Genera Cedrus, and only from the Pinaceae family is the one I want to discuss. These are different and the differences are consequential.

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COMMON NAME/LATIN BINOMIAL ~ Cedarwood (Cedrus spp).The genus Cedrus is the true cedar tree from the Pinaceae family. Most of the trees that people call Cedar are actually not and from the Cupressaceae family with names like Juniper (Juniperus virginiana) or Eastern red-cedar. (the hyphen is there to let you know that it isn’t really a Cedar tree).

There are some trees from the Cupressaceæ family which are called Cedars but when you look at their Latin binomials you will see that they are actually a Juniper or Thuja.

True Cedars from family Pinaceæ include Atlas Cedarwood (Cedrus atlantica var. libani), Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara), Cyprus Cedar (Cedrus brevifolia ), and Lebanon Cedarwood (Cedrus libani).

From family Cupressaceæ: Port Orford-Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), Hinoki-Cedar (Chamaecyparis obtusa), Virginia-Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Texas-Cedar (Juniperus ashei), and others from the Juniper clan of this group of trees. Remember, the trees called Cedar from the Cupressaceæ family are NOT true Cedars. I recommend, again, remember plants and their essential oils by their Latin binomial. There are also Pine trees and other types of trees incorrectly called “Cedar” trees. Know what you want and learn their correct names. https://jeanne-blog.com/re-cedar-wood-virginia/

This way, you will know for sure from which plant your oil comes.

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An explanatory paragraph explaining the difference between Cedrus of the bible and the Juniper — **Cedar vs cedar**

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True Atlas Cedar branches – photo by JeanneRose — **true Atlas Cedar branches – photo by Jeanne Rose – fig. 2**

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Another point to be aware of when using Cedar oils is whether you are using the oil of the leaf or the wood. Awareness of the part of the plant the oil is coming from is just as important as awareness of which Cedar the oil is coming from. If an oil is simply labeled Cedar, how are you to know what this oil is and how it can be used safely? All essential oils should be labeled with their Latin binomial, common name, country of origin and part of the plant used. If you look at your collection of essential oils at home or in stores, you will see that this is rarely the case.

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—A FEARLESS JEANNEROSE TOMATO TALE ABOUT THE NAME OF CEDAR —

Fifty years ago, when I first started collecting the historical books of plants (herbs and aromatics), I was put off by so many books that had the names and history of plants just plain wrong. As a science major at college (1954-1959), I was educated by and the assistant of a botanist who was a stickler in the use of correct Latin binomials and the history of each plant. He said, “you don’t need to pronounce the name correctly, but you do need to spell it correctly”. The Latin names are the same all over the world.

One of the first books I obtained was a first-edition book, dated 1951, that stated the trees that were used to build the temple of Solomon in ancient Jerusalem was the American Cedarwood named Juniperus virginiana. Well, anyone with a lick of sense knows that the Temple of Solomon was built around 1000 B.C.E. (before the common era) in the Middle East and that the tree called Juniperus virginiana is a species of Juniper indigenous to and native to eastern North America and was not named or identified or found until the early 1600s. (Yes, the Native Americans of the area used this tree, but these are not the people of Solomon’s era.) I discarded that book immediately and cannot even remember its name. But I also saw this same misinformation that “Cedrus species is a North American tree…of the family Cupressaceae” in one of our modern books on aromatherapy, published in 1995 by two well-known teachers of aromatherapy.

In 1972, I had also started collecting the true ancient rare historical books, including a copy of Gerard’s Herbal from 1632 and a copy of Plinie’s Herbal published in 1601. These I used to give me a real background and a good grounding in the aromatic plants and herbs that were to eventually make-up my life’s work.

I enjoy taxonomy now, although not so much back in 1957. Names are important and you should know the names of the plants that you use, just like you should know the names of the friends that you love. You wouldn’t call every female you know, ‘sis’ – would you? So, don’t go calling all the trees cedar either.

2 photos - on the left is branch of true Cedar and on the right is branch of Eastern red-cedar. Note the hyphen meaning they are different. — **Fig. 3**

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BOTANICAL NAME AND FAMILY OF THE TRUE CEDAR ~ Cedrus spp. of the family Pinaceae.

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CEDAR (ATLAS) & COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN ~ Morocco and Algeria. This lovely tree now is grown in many countries and does well in any Mediterranean climate. It is planted as an ornamental tree. There is an attractive stand in San Francisco’s Botanical Garden in Golden Gate Park as well as a row of true Cedars leading to the State Capitol of California.

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HARVEST LOCATION of ATLAS CEDAR FROM EDEN BOTANICALS ~ The harvest season for Atlas Cedar is March and the areas of harvest are Morocco, and the Himalayas.

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ATLAS CEDAR • GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT, HABITAT & GROWTH ~ An evergreen conifer tree with wide branches tapering to a height of 50 feet. The branches are covered with long needles, having barrel-shaped cones upright on the branches. The Cedrus Genera has needles arranged singly on growing shoots in tufts often called “whorls”. There are often 10-20 needles arranged in one tuft. The Cedrus Genera have upright cones like the Abies, but the cones disintegrate after two years.

Some of the cedars in Lebanon, Cedrus libani, however, are up to 140 feet and are said to be over 1,000 years old. One of the ten Deodar Cedars that were planted in 1872, that line the west side of the California Capitol, is the largest of its species (Cedrus deodara) in California. It measures 98 feet high, with a trunk circumference of 228 inches (19 feet) and a crown spread of 85 feet. It is drought tolerant.

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Resinous cones of Cedrus spp. – photo by Jeanne Rose Fig. 4

PORTION OF CEDAR TREE USED IN DISTILLATION, HOW DISTILLED, EXTRACTION METHODS & YIELD: The wood and stumps or sawdust is steam distilled. It is on occasion solvent-extracted to produce a concrète which is considered to be a true-to-nature scent.

Yield ~ 3-5%.

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SUSTAINABILITY ~ There is a decline of the Cedar forest attributable to human activities such as overgrazing, over-harvesting and illegal logging. These are having far-reaching implications for forest conservation management. This tree is considered to be endangered but not restricted.

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Essential oil and branch and cones of *Cedrus atlantica – fig. 5*

The organoleptic characteristics of an Atlas Cedar discussing the essential oil color, clarity, viscosity, intensity of odor and tenacity in a perfume or blend.

Cedar species organoleptics of color, clarity, viscosity, intensity of odor and tenacity in a blend

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Cedar ODOR DESCRIPTION/AROMA ASSESSMENT ~ I use a simple Vocabulary of Odor© to describe the odor of essential oils. It is easy to learn and very helpful in the study of these products of distillation. I also have an Advanced Vocabulary of Odor© that is more complex but gives you a snapshot of the scent. [see the end of article] So it always surprises me when someone can’t seem to use descriptive words to describe an odor and resorts to poetical uses. Poetry is beautiful but it is not helpful in describing an odor. The Perfume Album by Jessee describes one odor thusly, “It taxes vocabulary and imagination to describe adequately the precise character of the fragrance.” I find this description very unhelpful. It really doesn’t do this plant or essential oil justice.

The description of the scent of the genus Cedrus, Atlas and the others is floral, fruity and woody, with back notes of honey and spice. Compare this with the smoky, woody, conifer and fruity odor of Virginia cedar that everyone confuses with the lovely Atlas Cedar and you will see a remarkable difference. The scent snapshot comparison is at the end of this article and will show you two totally different odors that look like different ‘mountain’ ranges.

5 essential oils: the first two are genus Juniperus while that three on the right are the genus Cedrus. — Essential oils courtesy of Eden Botanicals. *fig. 6*

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS of the true Cedar ~ Alpha and Beta Cedrene, Cedrol, Atlantone, Carophyllene, and Cadinene and the other so-called Cedar, the Juniperus virginiana contain thujopsene and cedrene. These last named “cedar-woods” are used as a commercial source of thujone and hinokitol and are very different from the true Cedrus species.

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HISTORICAL USES ~ The essential oil was and is used in the perfumery, was used in mummification and to repel vermin, although now the Virginia Cedar is better for the vermin part.

“The Temple of Solomon, begun by David, was made entirely of Cedrus deodara, and a quarter of a million men were used to plunder the great forests of the Lebanon to satisfy the needs of the builder. Objects of this Cedar retain their fragrance after 3000 years.”¹

GENERAL PROPERTIES

The general Properties of Atlas Cedar are by IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation or AP=application. If you inhale the oil it is a tonic to the respiratory system. If you apply the oil it is considered to be an antiseptic, fungicide, and tonic, a stimulus to arterial regeneration, it helps the lymphatics as a tonic, is anti-seborrheic, and regenerative for the skin and scalp. There is no reason or use for ingestion although one source suggested that it would be useful with Sandalwood for urinary infections.

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Properties and Uses ~ Cedar leaf oils, if available, are in general used externally, well diluted for skin conditions and dandruff, fungal infections and hair loss, and inhaled in blends for the respiratory system. Cedar wood oils because they mostly come from the wood are confused with other trees with the same common name and thought to be contraindicated for people who are prone to high blood pressure and heart problems and should be avoided by people with sensitive skin. However, this may be because of the common name confusion with other genera. But true Cedar oils are normally not a problem.

Oil from the wood of Cedrus atlantica, Atlas Cedar, from the Pinaceæ family contains up to 80% Sesquiterpenes and Sesquiterpenols. Its properties are tonic to the body. It is useful in blends for external application as it aids in the removal of body fat and is used externally for cellulite and the retention of fluid in the tissue . Atlas Cedar is a good oil for the medicine chest because it is used for the respiratory system; a single drop in a half cup water to gargle for sore throat; or with two drops of Eucalyptus in a steaming bowl of water to reduce nasal and lung congestion. This would be a good oil to use in a home-made vapor salve, for relief of lung and nasal congestion. It can be added to shampoos or facial washes to reduce oily secretions and has an excellent scent for the hair and face. It is also used as a fixative in the perfume industry where it adds a lovely fruity wood note.

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Cedar Application/Skincare ~ It is used for the retention of fluid in the tissue (edema), cellulite reduction, and in skin care for reducing oily secretions. It is also used for cleansing, as a general tonic in blends for acne, rheumatism, cystitis, and scalp disorder.

A variety of formulas using Cedrus spp. oil for skin and scalp care. Fig. 7

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Hair Care

            Alopecia Study – 1999 ~ Arch Dermatol. 1998 Nov;134 (11):1349-52 Randomized trial of aromatherapy. Successful treatment for alopecia areata. By Hay IC, Jamieson M, Ormerod AD. Source – Department of Dermatology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Scotland. ad.ormerod@abdn.ac.uk
            ABSTRACT:      Instructions in essential oil use and scalp massage were given to 84 patients with Alopecia areata, a disorder in which the hair falls out in patches producing areas of baldness. Randomly divided into two groups, the control group massaged a combination of jojoba and grapeseed carrier oils into their scalps every night, occluding the area with a warm towel.
       The test group used the same technique but included a blend of the following essential oils
Thymus vulgaris (88 mg), [no chemotype given] (antibacterial & antifungal)
Lavandula angustifolia (108 mg), (soothing)
Rosmarinus officinalis cineole (114 mg) (healing, growth, & tonic) and
Cedrus atlantica (94 mg) essential oils
with 23 ml of carrier oil (Jojoba would be valuable here).
This procedure was followed for seven months and evaluated by various means, including photographic assessment by independent dermatologists and measurement of areas of alopecia by computerized image analysis. Although variable, the test group results showed a significant statistical advantage to the treatment regime with an improvement rate of 44%. This was comparable to conventional therapies. As it had no significant adverse effects, the essential oil treatment had a higher therapeutic ratio than some therapies. A relative lack of response in the control group indicated pharmacological activity of the essential oils as opposed to any effects arising from scalp massage alone.            CONCLUSIONS of Alopecia study: The results show aromatherapy to be a safe and effective treatment for alopecia areata. Treatment with these essential oils was significantly more effective than treatment with the carrier oil alone (P = .008 for the primary outcome measure). We also successfully applied an evidence-based method to an alternative therapy.

JEANNE ROSE FAVORITE FORMULA FOR GENERAL HAIR CARE.
Scalp Conditioner & Hair Growth
From 1969 and 2008 updated

30% Rosemary verbenone
25% Atlas Cedar
20% Rose Absolute
20% ancient Frankincense
Add an equal amount of 95% neutral grape spirits or a combination of Walnut and Jojoba oil. Mix this all together. Put into a spray or drop bottle. Label the bottle. Spray or drop a few drops once a day onto the scalp to condition the scalp. Massage in with your fingertips.
Smells resinous and sharp. The Rose absolute scent is lost. But adds a deep richness. This blend conditions the scalp and gets rid of any lingering yeast and fungus like Malassezia that feeds on oils on the scalps of most adults.

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Atlas Cedar Limerick
There was a young man from Natchez,
Whose head was balding in patches.
He used Atlas Cedar for sure,
And Rosemary that was pure
And now he no longer scratches. —JeanneRose2012

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CEDAR OIL EMOTIONAL/Energetic/Ritual Use ~ (AP OR IN) ~ Inhale this oil for protection, calming, anxiety and grounding. Use in blends for the same conditions. This is a scent that is revered in meditative practices.

DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION ~ Cedarwood is used by application and inhalation for chest infections and asthma and to add a pleasant woody fragrance to the air.

CULINARY/HERBAL USE ~ I know of no culinary uses for needles or wood of Cedrus spp. and herbally if I had a tree available, I would certainly distill all parts for the hydrosol and also use them as an infusion or decoction in my bath and to use as a facial spray.

Cedar sawdust baths are very healthful for the skin. In this case, either the Juniper-Cedar or the true Cedar can be used depending upon what is available.

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‘Cedar’-rice bran baths at Osmosis on Sonoma Coast – fig .8

BLENDS & PERFUMERY with Atlas Cedar ~ The Atlas Cedar oil and other true Cedar oils are widely used in blends and perfumery as a base note or as a fixative for floral odors. It blends beautifully with florals, woody-florals and the rich, tenacious, intense odor of Labdanum with its sweetness, smoky-woody, leather and powder notes. https://jeanne-blog.com/labdanum-cistus-resin-eo-hydrosol-profile/

Cedar oils blend well ~ with all florals, herbal scents, citrus scents, and roots and woods. It is a fantastic fixative in perfumery. Often used in masculine perfumery for its deep woody and floral, fruity odor.

SPRING — FLORAL & WOODS PERFUME
Head – 20 drops of Bulgarian Rose and Bergamot. I like to use more Bergamot than Rose.
Heart –20 drops of Egyptian Geranium and Ylang-Ylang Extra
Base – 20 drops of Atlas Cedar and Haitian Vetivert
Fixative – 5 drops of anything woodsy that you have
Total is 65 drops.

Succuss together vigorously. Add your carrier, I prefer neutral grape spirits, about 130 drops to make a 33% perfume formula. Succuss again. Label carefully. Put aside to age and meld for 10 days. Use with pleasure.

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Pharaoh’s Limerick
Atlas Cedar is more like a Pine
With needles so pretty and fine
Use as a scent
To the tombs, you’ll be sent
And be invited by Pharaoh to dine.

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HYDROSOL ~ I have not had the pleasure to use the hydrosol of either the cones, needles or wood of any species of the true Cedar.

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**Cones and needles** **of Cedrus atlantica var. glauca –** **Cedar ~ Golden Gate Par**k. *fig. 9*

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INTERESTING INFORMATION ~ The Cedar tree was used by other ancient cultures for sarcophagi and palace and temple material. Sometimes called ‘satinwood’. The Latin name means ‘Atlas Cedar’, that is, the tree growing in the Atlas Mountains that span Morocco and Algeria. Different species of cedars are found all over the world. [in the book, essential aromatherapy, p. 122, there is a sentence that says, “Native Americans use the cedar as medicine and burn it for purification”,” and this is woefully incorrect as this book is confusing American ‘cedar’ Juniperus virginiana with the true Cedar, Cedrus spp.].

Roy Genders in Scented Flora of the World, states that “Cedrus deodara did not reach Britain until 1731 and that it is as hardy there as it is in its native habitat. It is a beautiful pyramidal-shaped tree with gracefully drooping branches that often reach to the ground. … The wood is precious, extremely durable and its fragrance transcends that of other woods”.

In my own experience, the needles and wood are only very lightly scented, and the wood has to be distilled or cooked and macerated to obtain that wonderful woody, floral and fruity scent.

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CONTRAINDICATIONS ~ There are no known contraindications to the use of the Cedars; Atlas, Lebanon or Deodar.

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ~ Be certain that you’re not using Juniperus virginiana, also called “Cedar-wood”. Both oils are used in repelling vermin in the storage of valuables, and the oils should not directly touch the garments. Cedrus atlantica is a true cedar, whereas Juniperus virginiana contains mostly Cederene. Even though they have the same common name, and although they both repel vermin, they are not used identically otherwise. So, be absolutely certain of which oil you are using.

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5 bottles of Cedar oil, both the darker Juniper and the true Cedar on the right. — **Beautiful essential oils – see true Cedar oils on the right.** **fig.10**

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KEY USE~ Respiratory disorders, hair care, and perfumery.

Safety Precautions fig. 11

References:
Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Arctander. 1960
Britton, Lord, and Hon. Addison Brown • An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada Vol. II • (New York, NY: Dover Publications, 1970.)
Franchomme, P. and Pénoël, Docteur D • L’Aromatherapie Exactement • (Limoges, France: Roger Jollois Editeur, 1990.)
¹Genders, Roy. Scented Flora of the World. St. Martins Press. 1977
Grieve, M. A Modern Herbal: the …Properties, …with their Uses. Brace & Company, Harcourt, 1931
Guenther, Ernest, Ph.D. • The Essential Oils • (Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co. 1976) (original ed 1952.) (in VI volumes)
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose & Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 1992
Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
Mojay, Gabriel. Aromatherapy for Healing the Spirit. Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press, 1999 Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, California
Sudworth, George B. • Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope • (New York, NY: Dover Publications, 1967.)
Tutin, Heywood, Burgers, Moore, Valentine, Walters and Webb, Editors • Flora Europaea, Vol 4 • (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1976.)
Worwood, Susan & Valerie Ann. Essential aromatherapy, a pocket guide. Novato, CA: New World Library, 2003.

Scent Snapshots of Cedar-Cedar Odor — Cedar-Cedar Odor Snapshot. Using Jeanne Rose Circular Vocabulary of Odor. *fig. 12*

A chart of what the scent of Virginia Cedar and Atlas Cedar look like, called "Mountain Ranges" - using the Vertical Vocabulary of Odor. — **“Mountain Ranges” — what the scent looks like using the Vertical Vocabulary of Odor.** **fig. 13**

~ JR ~

BLUE OILS — pt 2

Feb17

By Jeanne Rose ~ February MMXX

Synopsis ~ the blue oils are nine or more essential oils from several botanical groups that when distilled produce a blue-colored oil. They are all anti-inflammatory and very-helpful to skin health.

Many thanks to Eden Botanicals for supplying these lovely oils to photograph – Jeanne Rose photo

Part 2 includes properties, uses, how to use the oil, chemistry, Blue oil tomato tales, history, references, precautions, blending and formulas for health and well-being.

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Part 1 included naming, botany, taxonomy, and organoleptics.

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WHY DO WE CALL THEM THE ‘BLUE OILS’ ~ We call them ‘blue oils’ because they are blue in color. Yes, essential oils have color. These colors include a pale sky blue such as in Roman Chamomile although it seems to quickly lose that color), the cobalt–colored Blue Sage (Artemisia douglasiana) or the navy-colored oils such as Blue Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and azure-blue Blue Tansy (Tanacetum annuum) and the viscous indigo-colored oil from Blue Artemis (Artemisia arborescens) and sapphire-Blue Cypress (Callitris intratropica). Some of these plants are related and some are not.

The molecule called azulene is a dark blue color. It is composed of two terpenoids; vetivazulene a derivative of Vetivert and guaiazulene (also called azulon) mainly from guaiac and chamomile oil. This molecule is also found in some of the pigments of mushrooms, plants like guaiac wood oil and also in marine invertebrates, such as jellyfish and corals. Azulenes, although usually shades of blue, can also be green, violet, blue/violet, and red/violet. It is a brilliant rainbow of color due to its chemical structure. ¹²

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HISTORICAL USES ~ Historically, the Noble Chamomile called the Roman Chamomile, is often a double flower. It was grown interspersed with lawn plants as a ground cover that provided fragrance when being walked upon. Wet laundry, especially sheets were laid down on this fragrant cover plant, to dry, and while drying, to pick up the sweet apple-scent of the plants. In the past when I could grow large amounts of this plant, I have been able to place my clean washed cashmere sweaters out to dry and they would come back to me with the calming scent of chamomile.

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INTERESTING FACTS ~ “It has been demonstrated that sensory perception has an impact on aging in species that are unconnected by millions of years through evolution. This suggests that comparable effects might be seen in human beings as well. For human beings, it might not be the smell…. it might be our perception of danger or food. In this case, a smart program where we control our perceptions might form the foundation of an easy yet powerful program to prevent disease and promote healthy aging.” from AntiAging Forum.
OUR sensory perceptions include — these perceptions include what we see, what we hear, what we smell, what we taste and what we feel. The five senses are sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.

THE BEAUTIFUL COLORS AND USES OF THE BLUE OILS.

A chart of the blue oils showing the shades of different blue-colored oils — Fig. 2

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There are two major varieties of Chamomile that are used as herbal home remedies and for essential oils: Chamaemelum nobile or Anthemis nobilis, also known as Roman or English chamomile, and Matricaria chamomilla, also known as German or Hungarian chamomile. Today, they are two of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world.

These two close herbal relatives are different plants of the same plant family – Asteraceae [Compositae]. Both varieties have an aromatic scent and bear small, daisy-like blossoms that are about one inch in diameter. They have similar properties, and many herbalists use them interchangeably in herbal remedies. However, they do have some distinct differences, and one is a perennial, while the other is an annual.

The one that is often most desired as a fragrant lawn substitute is the perennial double Chamomile of Chamaemelum nobile ‘Flore Pleno’. This is an old selection that is been in use for hundreds of years. It forms a low evergreen mat with ferny leaves and fluffy white flowers in early summer. The flowers can be dried and used for tea or mowed, dried and used for fragrant potpourri.

Double ‘Flore Pleno perennial Chamomile
fig. 3

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF THE BLUE OILS

The main property of any of the blue oils is as an anti-inflammatory, to control inflammation, usually of the skin and on some occasions, when taken internally, to control inner inflammation.

Use them by AP=application, IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation.

Application:

•Roman chamomile oil is used as a tea for its internal as well as external properties, as an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and to relieve gastro-intestinal associations of distress. Both the flowers and the essential oil is used in skincare as an anti-inflammatory and Shirley Price has said that it is the best of all essential oils to use.

Ingestion:

•Blue Sage Tea (Artemisia douglasiana) “has been shown to help decrease the ill effects of lipid peroxides (rancid fats) on the liver. In dealing with the American diet and our strange reliance on processed foods, you must remember that fat and oil preservatives and antioxidants don’t change the existing rancidity, they just prevent more from happening and your finely tuned nose from detecting what has already happened.” (Moore, Medicinal Plants of the Desert and Canyon West 20).

•It is the Blue Tansy EO (Tanacetum annuum) with Ammi visnaga, which is used in capsules to treat wheezing and asthma. There are three excellent formulas for these issues at the end of my article on asthma. See http:///articles/asthma_bronchitis.html

Inhalation:

•The blue oils have many uses in blends and are used via inhalation or in the blends used in inhalers. Roman Chamomile is most easily obtainable and can be used in an inhaler, salt inhaler, mixed with Eucalyptus radiata and rubbed on the chest for inhalation uses to relieve the breathing.

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PHYSICAL USES & HOW USED (IG OR AP)

APPLICATION ~ The blue oils with the component of azulene are anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antibacterial and especially the chamomiles and blue Cypress are considered as being exceptional plants and oil in the skincare.

• Blue Chamomile CO₂from Matricaria chamomilla CO₂is a dark greenish-brown, an opaque, thick and viscous product of carbon dioxide extraction. It retains more of the natural floral odor of the flower and is a strong anti-inflammatory when added to any skincare product. Use it by taking a bit and working it well into some of your skin cream or lotion and then add more lotion until all is incorporated. In commercial products when Chamomile CO₂is used it is normally around 0.2±% of the total.

CO₂extracts are closer in composition to the oil as it occurs in the plant and has better solubility in the product. A wonderful fruity-scented healing addition to any skincare application.

German Chamomile CO₂ – EO ~ Color and Viscosity Fig. 4

• Blue Chamomile EO from Matricaria chamomilla is mentioned in P. Davis book, “use of German Blue Chamomile can be especially helpful where skin conditions may be aggravated by stress, and indeed where stress may be the underlying cause.” The two key constituents, (-)-alpha-bisabolol and chamazulene both of which are anti-inflammatory, account for 50-65 percent of total volatile oil content.

The Benefits of Azulene in Chamomile Essential Oil. The use of chamomile is increasing as the knowledge of azulene (chamazulene) grows. Azulene occurs in significant amounts in Matricaria chamomilla, (Matricaria recutita) and the use of this herb has surpassed even its cousin Roman Chamomile as the essential oil to use for skincare. Azulene and bisabolol are both in the GCMS of the deep blue essential oil. Both are powerfully anti-inflammatory. ”In one study on albino rats, German Chamomile was found to heal wound burning significantly compared to topical olive oil. Bisabolol itself has been studied and shown to be non-toxic and non-sensitizing, even when taken internally in large doses. The bisabolol offers rosacea sufferers an opportunity to alleviate itching and irritation, but azulene also goes a long way towards reducing rosacea’s redness by soothing inflamed capillaries.”

• Roman chamomile tea and EO –  The herb tea is anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, bitter tonic tea, carminative tea, digestive tea, emmenagogue tea (promotes menstrual flow), nervine, sedative-calming, and stomachic.  The EO is inhaled for asthma, used orally and is best for all uses.

Roman chamomile EO is insoluble in glycerin. “Upon exposure to air and light and on prolonged standing the light blue color of the oil changes first to green and later to yellow-brown. This oil presents one of the highest ester value of all essential oils, from 272 to 293.5” World of Aromatherapy, p. 203. Esters are used in skincare.

Roman chamomile has little chamazulene, and thus has gentler anti-inflammatory properties. It also has a higher alcohol content than its German Chamomile. It is the better choice for skin conditions and other topical applications. It is used in skin diseases, acne, chilblains (painful inflamed skin patches from the cold), and all skin irritations, applied as a compress for menstrual problems, neuritis (pins and needles in the limbs), neuralgia (sharp nerve pain), surgical intervention and pain relief, and used in perfumery. I have used in massage blends for relaxation. Rub a bit on the gums for teething pain.

• Achillea millefolium – Yarrow tea is aromatic, bitter, astringent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, it relieves indigestion, increases perspiration; the herb tea is drunk or the EO is applied for feverish illnesses like colds, measles, and influenza; also, for cuts, bruises, ulcerous skin sores, hemorrhages, varicose veins, headaches, hypertension. The essential oils and hydrosol can be used directly on the skin for burns or scalds.

The scent of the essential oil is herbal and woody, and it is used externally for muscular aches and pains or in skincare for severe rashes and wounds that are difficult to heal. The herbal tea is used in skincare as well. Yarrow is used reducing the look of varicose veins and reduce scars. For formulas for hemorrhoids and varicose veins see http:///articles/varicose_veins.html

•

Two bottles of Blue Tansy, Tanacetum annuum — Fig. 5 … Blue Tansy EO

• Tanacetum annuum-Blue Tansy EO uses ~ Active principles include monoterpenes with limonene as a major component, sesquiterpenes of chamazulene up to 30% and dihydrochamazulene. “The properties are anti-inflammatory, antihistamine when taken with Ammi visnaga, anti-itch, pain-relieving, soothing to the nerves when the plant oil is inhaled, hypotensive, possibly thymus stimulating and hormone-like.

I have used it in capsules for asthmatic crises (as it supplies a theophylline-type component which is a bronchodilator) along with Ammi visnaga), emphysema; in blends for irritating skin problems in adults, abnormal reddening of the skin and couperose skin problems, in skincare, arthritis, neuritis, sciatica, muscular rheumatism, hypertension, and varicose veins. Contra-indications: among certain women with endocrine imbalances.”⁷

Tanacetum annuum chemistry. Chemical Composition and Antifungal Properties of the Essential Oil of Tanacetum annuum in Blue tansy, aka Moroccan Tansy. Shoot oil of Tanacetum annuum was examined by GC and GC/MS and found to contain sabinene (22.3%) and camphor (13.2%) as major constituents. This oil was screened for its antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, Helminthosporium oryzae, Alternaria solani, Piricularia oryzae and Verticillium dahliae. T. annuum oil exhibited the strongest fungitoxicity by completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of each of the fungi at 5000 ppm…. J. Essent. oil Tes., 12, 122-124 (Jan/Feb 2000).

• Blue Cypress (Callitris intratropica) is considered an all-around first-aid remedy in the same way that Tea tree oil is used. And it has a considerably more pleasant odor.

• Artemisia arborescens – Blue Artemis used in salves and lotions is very effective for all sorts of skincare issues. Eatwell Farm makes a fabulous salve with the herbs they grow.

Jars of salve made of Artemisia arborescens and Lavender grown on Eatwell Farm — Fig. 6

EMOTIONAL/ENERGETIC USES (AP OR IN):
Inhalation of Roman Chamomile – Nervous tics, asthma, insomnia, headache, depression, and nervousness. It is very useful for hysteria, anger and child tantrums.

•

A MINOR CHAMOMILE TOMATO TALE

Years ago, when my boy was about 8 years old, we were all gathered together around the dining room table, friends and family, having a glass of wine and chatting. We live in the city and up two flights of stairs from the street. The boys, my son and his friend were on their BMX bikes riding up and down the length of the hall and creating a tremendous cacophony. It was very noisy. I quietly got up, put some Roman Chamomile into a diffuser, aimed the nozzle towards the hall and diffused this essential oil into the atmosphere. It was only minutes before the noise died off and quiet reigned in the house. Too quiet, actually. I got up and went into the bedroom and now the boys were having a great time smoothing Vaseline into their hair and trying to get it to stand up in greasy peaks for that fashionable punk look. My son was laughing and enjoying the mess. Getting that Vaseline out-of-the-hair is another story.

•

DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION ~ Use these rare blue oils in moderation. If the herb works, use that first before the essential oil. They can be blended with just about any selection of oil to suit your purposes. I have a favorite at my desk of Eucalyptus smithii + Chamaemelum nobile in a small bottle that I use to inhale periodically when I am working at the computer.

EMOTIONAL/RITUAL USE ~ Many sources list a litany of magical and spiritual traditions for the Roman Chamomile. These sources list its use in spells for peace, love, tranquility, and purification. Teddy Fearnhamm, an aromatherapy teacher says, “a cascade of Roman Chamomile and you immediately feel loved”. In ritual, it is used to instill stillness, become spiritually aware, give inner peace and to become emotionally stable. These are all attributes we can use.

•

BLENDING ~ The Chamomiles can be blended with just about any herb or citrus or wood or resin. It works well with flowers, barks, and spices. Arctander states that Roman Chamomile is used as a trace additive [and] imparts a warm, yet fresh note and a natural depth which is difficult to obtain by other means.

•Blue Chamomile is used in very small amounts to give a soft blue note to blends and perfumes and warmth and softness to the scent.

•Use Blue Tansy in moderation, it has better uses than being an addition to a perfume or diffusion blend.

•Blue Cypress added to a perfume or blend, does some miraculous scent-changing. I found it excellent to alter the slight fishy scent of the Australian Sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) when I was making deodorant. I have experimented with this oil and found a simple and easy Deodorant formula. First, I add 5% Blue Cypress to the Sandalwood oil. This deepens the scent and gives it an invisible deeper woody odor. Then I add 95% neutral grape spirits to 5-10% of the essential oils. And don’t worry about the alcohol in the formula. You only use a short spray under each armpit (less than a drop), the Sandalwood plus the alcohol kills the odor-causing bacteria. [The organism that is apparent in human body odor, Corynebacterium xerosis is strongly inhibited by Australian Sandalwood and thus would be useful in deodorant formulas. With all bacteria except the enterobacteria, Sandalwood oil demonstrated significantly greater antimicrobial efficacy than terpinene-4-ol, the main component of Tea tree oil.]

JeanneRose Deodorant Formula:
In a 100 ml bottle (3.5 oz) with a spray top
190 drops of Sandalwood oil
10 drops of Blue Cypress
This is about 6 ml. total
Fill the bottle with 95% neutral grape spirits (do not use vodka unless it is at 150 proof, do not use rubbing alcohol, use only real neutral grain or grape spirits (Everclear works also). The essential oils are at 6% and may need to be increased up to 10% depending on the level of scent that you want. At 6%, this formula kills the human body odor, leaving little to no odor of itself behind.

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SOME OTHER FORMULAS

Azulene in Blue Chamomile Essential Oil Can Calm Rosacea – Matricaria recutita extract is used in thousands of skincare products. Always be sure to dilute down to at least 1% concentration when used topically, and even half of that is enough to turn your base cream, oil or tonic serum a bright blue. Caution should be taken if you have any allergies since azulene in chamomile has been known to induce an allergic reaction.

•Rosacea is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that principally affects the face. Rosacea causes facial redness and produces small, red, pus-filled pustules (bumps). Rosacea worsens with time if left untreated.

•Rosacea Formula is 20 drops of Calophyllum, 10 drops of Helichrysum, 2 drops or a tiny glob of Blue Chamomile CO₂ or West Coast Blue Artemis, , .5 oz Aloe vera gel, 1 scoop Oat beta-glucan, and up to 1 oz. Calendula infused oil. Mix these all together, and thin with Calendula oil to your desire. Apply twice daily. Store in the refrigerator.

• Clay-Mask for Delicate, Inflamed Skin ~ https://jeanne-blog.com/clays-and-muds/

Make a paste of white clay and water (or flower water). Add 1 drop of Matricaria recutita. Apply to clean face and let dry up to 15 minutes. Rinse off carefully and spray with hydrosol of Lavender or any others you might have.

• Neuritis and neuralgia and a Shingles remedy. – The formula of Essential Oils at 8% includes Helichrysum, Rosemary verbenone, Ravensara, and Roman Chamomile. Add 42% of the total in Calophyllum, and Calendula infused oil for the balance of the formula at 50%. If possible, make this formula by weight not volume. Shingles are very painful, a viral condition from old chickenpox stored in your body. I do not believe that essential oils can ‘cure’ it, but they can help ease the pain. There is a long article on my website about this. See http:///articles/shingles.html

A Formula for neuritis. Get a 1-oz bottle, add 30 drops Roman Chamomile, 20 drops of Rosemary verbenone and 10 drops Ravensara. Then fill with a carrier oil. I prefer to use a cold-pressed Olive oil that has been also pressed with Lavender flowers [see Sciabica Olive Oil]. Shake vigorously and label and use at will.

• Sunburn/Damaged Skin⁶
1% Artemisia arborescens EO
99% Aloe vera gel in solution
Apply as needed.

Fig. 7

HYDROSOL ~ Any of the hydrosols obtained while distilling plants will be acidic in nature and skin-loving for you. In particular, the plants that are mentioned in these two parts of “The Blue Oils” all produce quite effective hydrosols. The EO is only blue if the plants are picked in the morning ‘when the dew is dry but the sun not yet high’, and if mature flowers rather than leaves are picked. The waters are anti-inflammatory and can be added to any lotion or cream that you have. If you add them when the blue is still in the waters, that means that the essential oil has not quite settled out. These products need to be refrigerated.

I grew several of these plants for the hydrosol, especially the Artemisia arborescens, the blue Artemis, in my garden for years. The hydrosol was good for skincare and skin issues of all types. We like to mix it with seaweed gel for acne, rosacea, and skin irritations. I personally found the hydrosol to be more useful than the essential oil and so much easier to use, although slightly fungal in scent.

•Blue Chamomile and Roman Chamomile hydrosol. Eden Botanicals offers an organic Blue Chamomile hydrosol that they write is energetic and yet calming and comforting. They describe it as green, herbal, cool – like the scent of the tea. It is used as a gentle spray directly on the skin for compromised skin conditions, either combined with Witch hazel distillate or undiluted. Blue Chamomile hydrosol contains high amounts of bisabolol which is anti-inflammatory. A wonderful distillation water to use for all of your skin and bathing needs.

Fig. 7b

I adore Roman Chamomile hydrosol. I use it in the bath, as a facial toner and to spray my sheets for sleeping. Ann Harman found that in testing Roman Chamomile hydrosol there was 0.0042% of EO in it and the hydrosol was composed of 61 components, mainly sorbic acid, trans-pinocarveol and lesser amounts of ketones, acids, and other components.

See https://jeanne-blog.com/chamomile-roman-eo-profile/ and https://jeanne-blog.com/cypress-and-blue-cypress-eo/

•Blue Sage hydrosol, Artemisia douglasiana, The hydrosol has been found to be very effective against predations of snail populations. When I was able to obtain a gallon of the hydrosol (2000), I sprayed my San Francisco garden at the start of the spring and summer season, once again the following year and from that time to the present have not been bothered by the ubiquitous San Francisco snail brought here, in the 1800s to feed the hordes of gold miners or that is the gossip as to why we have so many. This was a great boon to the garden.

•Blue Yarrow hydrosol. There is a blue Yarrow hydrosol, although I have not had the opportunity to use it. Here is a photo of hydrosol produced by Tracy Stringfellow, who is a rancher, farmer, distiller of many lovely plants and their products. “Yarrow hydrosol is a great first aid for wounds. Wash a wound with the hydrosol to help stop the bleeding. Use it in daily treatments for wounds that will not heal. Compresses of Yarrow hydrosol on varicose veins and couperose (reddened, rough) skin will aid the healing. Use in a sitz bath for hemorrhoids and after childbirth. For digestion and hormone balancing, add a tablespoon a day to a glass of water as a drink for your diet and/or to spray lightly face or body.” —from Hydrosols & Aromatic Waters by Jeanne Rose

A flask of the Yarrow distillate containing both the essential oils floating on the hydrosol — Blue Yarrow Hydrosol by Tracy Stringfellow

Fig. 7c

HERBAL USES ~ Chamazulene itself does not occur in the plant but is formed from a sesquiterpene lactone called matricine during the steam distillation process. So, don’t expect to make herbal remedies with plants that produce blue oils and have a blue product. These plants should be carefully distilled from the freshly picked top of the plants and the hydrosol immediately frozen (to preserve the blue color) and the essential oil collected and stored in the freezer to preserve it from oxidation.

•“California Mugwort, Artemisia douglasiana (Blue Sage as an oil), is a traditional medicine of the Chumash Indians of California and is used in the treatment of menopausal symptoms, premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. “The traditional treatment for menopause is a mild, A. douglasiana tea. This tea is much milder than the European A. vulgaris tea. A. douglasiana tea is made by placing a fresh or dried leaf in 300 ml of water. The mixture is warmed until it starts to boil at which time it is removed from the heat. The tea is allowed to steep for a few minutes prior [Copyright © 2012 SciRes. CM J. D. ADAMS ET AL. 119] to drinking. Sugar, honey or other sweeteners are not added. Anxiety is a learned disorder that must be unlearned. It is treated, in part, with A. douglasiana. People with anxiety attacks are treated once with sagebrush tea in the evening and then as needed.

A. douglasiana is also called dream sage (sagebrush) by Chumash Healers. To induce dreams, place the stems and leaves, under a pillow and sleep on the pillow. The fragrance helps with dreaming. When the plant dries, strip the leaves and stuff them into a small pillow. Place this under the regular pillow and continue sleeping on both pillows. This is a traditional use of A. douglasiana especially in very ill or aged people who cannot dream. Dreaming is considered an essential part of life and healing.

Thujone in A. douglasiana does not come over in the tea but it does in the alcohol extract.

“Gabapentin activates presynaptic GABAB heteroreceptors on glutamatergic neurons resulting in less release of glutamate. How this mechanism decreases hot flashes is not known. Gabapentin has adverse drug effects including seizures and sudden unexplained death. A. douglasiana is much safer therapy for menopausal symptoms than these drugs.”¹⁵

•When taking Matricaria chamomillaas a tea for stomach ache, sleep tea and any inflammatory issue, the dosage is “In adults, oral administration for traditional uses are generally as follows: (1) dried flower heads: 2-8 g as an infusion three times daily; (2) liquid extract/ tincture: 1-6 mL up to three times daily of 1:1 potency; 7-15 mL up to three times daily of 1:5 potency” see. Alternative Medicine Review Volume 13, Number 1 2008

•When using Yarrow, Achillea millefolium, the blooms have stronger medicinal properties than the leaves. Use the flowers as a tea to treat colds, fevers and to improve digestion and circulation. It is also a valuable tonic for the liver and kidneys. Yarrow flowers as tea can aid in increasing appetite and digestion. When used for the common cold it can help the body remove toxins. It can also aid the symptoms of PMS. It also stimulates the kidneys and urinary tract as an antiseptic. It is traditionally thought to relieve the symptoms of stomach cramps, rheumatism, hypertension, etc. or as a general tonic. Topically, it can treat (the flower tea) wounds, cuts, rashes, and burns. The leaves can be crushed and used to stop bleeding. Hemorrhoids can be eased by some Yarrow flowers added to a cool bath.

•

KEY USE ~ Use the Blue Oils to relieve inflammation and some relieve asthma.

Several Examples of 8 different blue oils, 21 bottles in all. — Fig. 8

MORE ON THE CHAMOMILE TYPES

Chemotypes investigation of essential oils of Chamomile herbs : A short review — Plants named “Chamomile”, in Arabic “babounj”, belong to the genus Anthemis, Chamaemelum, Cladanthus and Matricaria (Asteraceae). Chamomile has been recommended for a variety of healing applications and is included in the FDA’s (US Food and Drug Administration) GRAS (generally recognized as safe) list. There has been an increasing interest in the use of natural substances instead of synthetic chemicals, due to the fact that many herbal medicines are free from side effects and seen as “green” so that it is advisable to cultivate medicinal plants because of the possibility to better control quality of the target bioactive components. The species Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile), and Anthemis nobilis syn. Chamaemelum nobilis (Roman chamomile) and Cladanthus mixtus (Moroccan Chamomile) are usually referred to as the common name “Chamomile”. Nowadays, chamomile is a highly favored and much-used medicinal plant in folk medicine throughout the world as an antispasmodic. Essential oils of chamomile herbs have been reported for their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, healing, stimulative, carminative, spasmolytic and sedative activities. In continuation of our works on Asteraceae, we report here an investigation of the chemotypes of essential oils of “Chamomile” herbs from the Asteraceae family. … J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 7 (4) (2016) 1229-1235

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OTHER BLUE OILS Discussed by the APP (Aromatic Plant Project)

During this investigation of “The Blue Oils” and because I was involved in organizing the growing of essential oil plants in the Pacific Northwest, specifically California, for the express purpose of encouraging distillation here of aromatic plants as an industry; I was able to look at and smell many oils that had been distilled in Oregon. I went into detail about their naming and uses in part I and will only briefly name a few of these oils here in part 2. The Aromatic Plant Project (APP) was a non-profit educational organization whose mission statement is here given. >MISSION. The mission of the APP is to support local and organic production of aromatic plants; to provide resources for growers and distillers; to ensure high-quality aromatherapy products and to educate consumers as to the appropriate and beneficial uses of these aromatic products. The MISSION STATEMENT is: Cultivating today for a fragrant tomorrow.

Blue Artemis – Fig. 9

•ARTEMISIA ARBORESCENS (Blue Artemis) is a luscious deep-blue, indigo-colored oil with the characteristic scent of thujone but no thujone is contained in the plants that grow in the NW part of the USA. Oregon oil has camphor but no thujone while the Moroccan oil has thujone and little camphor. There are different uses for each of these oils. This USA sample had been analyzed as having a 20% – 40% azulene content.

•ARTEMISIA DOUGLASIANA (A heterophylla) essential oil is a clear royal blue, with a sweet sage-like odor, called Blue Sage. With this color of azulene and knowing the Native American uses of the plant, I would think that this California and Pacific Northwest species will ultimately find wonderful uses in the body-care industry especially for serious skin conditions and external applications for rheumatism or headache. There is also a CT (chemotype) of this plant with green oil.

•TANACETUM VULGARE cv Goldsticks. This essential oil is a very pale sky blue with a hint of thujone odor. I do not feel that it has any external applications in the body-care industry or use in aromatherapy.

•ARTEMISIA LUDOVICIANA var. latiloba CT esters (White Mugwort) is a watery blue in color, very perky and fruity-scented with sage and eucalyptus overtones. According to the Native Americans, the herb was used as an herbal tea to expel a dead fetus among many uses and externally to remove tumors. This was developed by a particular distiller in Oregon from only personally picked, fruity-scented types of A. ludoviciana and though the plant exists today (2020) in the wild, it no longer exists as the chemotype described as ‘esters’. That plant has died out.

•Two other oils with pale blue color were Daucus carota, which is commonly called Queen Ann’s Lace (Wild Carrot) and Chinese Celery. The oil of Aralia californica of leaves and flowers and Conioselinum pacificum with their pale colors, almost green in hue do not fall within this short article.

•I have also distilled a variety of Pelargonium graveolens called Mabel Gray that produces a pale blue oil and hydrosol. There is a picture of this on my website. http://www.aromaticplantproject.com/hydrosols.html

THE NASTY TOMATO TALE OF OXIDIZED BLUE CHAMOMILE

I enjoy telling my stories because it helps people, students, and teachers alike, to understand what sometimes happens when you use essential oils and what is being sold in the retail market.

A few years ago, I was in Hopland, CA at a store that sold equipment to save energy in the household. They had a small counter of ‘organic’ skincare and some essential oils. And one of the essential oils was Blue Chamomile in 15 ml-size brown glass bottles and it was listed at a truly small and ridiculous price for the amount of oil. This piqued my interest and I asked the saleslady if I could smell this oil and look at the color. The smell was truly awful – like rotten vegetation and spoiled cabbage. The color was even worse a ripening brown that looked like runny feces and together with the scent, one wondered what was in that bottle. A bit had gotten on my fingers and I was repulsed and ran to their bathroom to wash my hands, but no amount of soap was going to remove that putrid odor. At that moment, I might have chosen to remove the finger to get rid of the scent.

I informed the salesperson that they were selling a truly awful, out-of-date, old and rancid, oxidized Blue Chamomile. They left it on the shelf. When I got home, I wrote the store manager as well. Their response? “well the consumer is getting a good price”. Then I found and called the distributor in Florida and they were very dismissive, saying that they had gotten a really good deal on this oil and were doing the consumer a favor by making it available.

Truly, those who are reading this — This is NOT a favor to you to save money but to purchase something rotten and loathsome. Would you be pleased to buy an old rotten zucchini if it were a price reduction? My point is that you should get to know what you want, what it should look like including color, what it should smell like and make sure you do not waste your money on a bad product. This is one of the downsides of brown glass bottles. You can not see what you are purchasing. Color is important – if it is a blue essential oil it should be a blue color if it is a CO₂extraction it will be greenish-brown. Remember that!

Fig. 10

The blue color is the sesquiterpene AZULENE and all essential oils containing azulene are anti-inflammatory as a property both by inhalation and by application and occurs in EO, not in the plant (matricine).

**Oxidation changes the chemical composition of the essential oil. If any of these oils are greenish-black or brown when they should be deep blue, it indicates oxidation, age, and the existence of free radicals, and they should not be used for therapy. Furthermore, if the clear to yellow oils appear deep yellow to deep brown, they too have oxidized and are too old to use therapeutically.

© The above table, fig 10 is copyrighted and may not be used without the express permission of Jeanne Rose Aromatherapy •219 Carl St. • San Francisco, CA 94117; ph. 415/564-6337; info@jeannerose.net or

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Fig. 11

SCIENCE ARTICLE ~ Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Azulene ..F. Alan Andersen, First Published April 1, 1999 Research Article

Abstract ..Azulene is an extract from the volatile oil of several perennial herbs and is detected in tobacco smoke. It functions as a skin conditioning agent in cosmetic formulations, including hair dyes. Azulene is reported to be used in a wide range of cosmetic formulations, but these reported uses are likely to be uses of guaiazulene, a chemically related colorant because there are currently no suppliers of azulene to the cosmetics industry. The anti-inflammatory action of azulene has been demonstrated in several animal studies. Effects at the cellular level are reported to include inhibition of respiration and growth, but no effect on ciliary activity or membrane permeability. Relatively low oral toxicity was seen in acute animal studies. Azulene was not mutagenic in an Ames test, with and without metabolic activation. An allergic response to azulene was noted in one case report. These data were clearly insufficient to support the safety of azulene in cosmetics. Additional data needed to make a safety assessment include methods of manufacture and impurities, especially naphthalene; current concentration of use; skin penetration, if there is significant skin penetration, then both a 28-day dermal toxicity study to assess general skin and systemic toxicity and a reproductive and developmental toxicity study are needed; one genotoxicity study in a mammalian system, if positive, then a 2-year dermal carcinogenesis study using National Toxicology Program methods is needed; skin irritation and sensitization in animals or humans; and ocular toxicity.

‡

NOTES TO TEXT & BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Parsons, Pamela. “Chamomile”. The Aromatic “Thymes“. (Spring 1994) 2:2.
2. Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. (Elizabeth, NJ: Steffen Arctander, 1960.)
3. Franchomme, P. and Penoel, Docteur D. L’Aromatherapie Exactement. (Limoges, France: Roger Jollois Editeur, 1990.)
4. Guenther, Ernest, Ph.D. The Essential Oils. (Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company 1976.) (original edition 1952.) (in VI volumes)
5. Parry, Ernest J. Parry’s Cyclopedia of Perfumery. Philadelphia, PA: P. Blakisont’s Son & Co., 1925.) (in II volumes)
6. Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 3rd edition, 1994.) Available from /books.html
7. Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. (San Francisco, CA: Jeanne Rose Aromatherapy, 3rd edition, 1994.) Available from /books.html
8. Tutin, Heywood, Burges, Moore, Valentine, Walters and Webb, Editors. Flora Europaea, Vol. 4. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1976.)
9. Mabberley, D.J. The Plant Book. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, corrected reprint, 1989.)
10. Lewis, Walter H. “Notes on Economic Plants.” Economic Botany. 46(4) pp. 426-430. (1992.)
11. Bailey, L.H., staff of. Hortus Third. (Cornell, New York: Hortorium, Cornell University, 1977.)
12. http://www.aromaticplantproject.com/articles_archive/azulene_chamomile.html
13. The Blue Oils. By Jeanne Rose. Published in “The Aromatic Plant Project” from archives •1994
14. http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/Plant
15 Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris, Artemisia douglasiana, Artemisia argyi) in the Treatment of Menopause, Premenstrual Syndrome, Dysmenorrhea and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder by James David Adams, Cecilia Garcia, Garima Garg University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, USA, 2012
16. Yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Moroccan chamomile [Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall.] growing wild at different sites in Morocco. A Elouaddari, A El Amrani, JJ Eddine… – Flavour and …, 2013 – Wiley Online Library

References:
Arctander, Steffen. . Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. (Elizabeth, NJ: Steffen Arctander, 1960.)
Harman, Ann. Harvest to Hydrosol
Mabberley, D.J., Mabberley’s Plant Book, 2008 Third Edition with 2014 updates, Cambridge University Press
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols.
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations.
Rose, Jeanne. Hydrosols & Aromatic Waters. /books.html
Worwood, Susan & Valerie Ann. Aromatherapy.

A field in California showing several long rows of Artemisia arborescens. — Fig 12. A field of Artemisia arborescens in California

BLUE OILS-pt 1

Jan29

By Jeanne Rose ~ January MMXX

BLUE OILS ~ PART I OF 2

Synopsis ~ the blue oils are nine or more essential oils from two botanical groups that when distilled produce a blue-colored oil. They are all anti-inflammatory and very helpful to skin health.

8 bottles of essential oil - all containing azulene and are blue incolor. — **Fig. 1. Eight blue-oils from two botanical groups**

Three things to learn

1. the blue oils are blue in color

2. there is no blue in the plant itself

3. if the color of the EO is turning — brown to yellow it is oxidized, don’t use it.

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WHY DO WE CALL THEM THE ‘BLUE OILS ~ We call them ‘blue oils’ because they are blue in color. Yes, essential oils have color. These colors include a pale sky blue such as in Roman Chamomile (although it seems to quickly lose that color), the azure-colored Blue Sage (Artemisia douglasiana) or the royal blue-colored oils such as Blue Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and cobalt-blue Blue Tansy (Tanacetum annuum) and the viscous indigo-colored oil from Blue Artemis (Artemisia arborescens) and sapphire-Blue Cypress (Callitris intratropica). Some of these plants are related and some are not.

The molecule called azulene is a dark blue color. It is composed of two terpenoids; vetivazulene a derivative of Vetivert and guaiazulene (also called azulon) mainly from guaiac and chamomile oil. This molecule is also found in some of the pigments of mushrooms, plants like guaiac wood oil and also in marine invertebrates, and corals. Azulenes, although usually a shade of blue, can also be green, violet, blue/violet and red/violet. It is a brilliant rainbow of color due to its chemical structure. ¹²

The blue Chamazulene itself does not occur in the plant but forms during the distillation process from a sesquiterpene lactone called matricine. Usually, the flowers of these plants are yellow sometimes white.

Azulene has a long history, dating back to the 15^th century as the azure-blue chromophore obtained by steam distillation of German Chamomile. The chromophore was discovered in Yarrow and Wormwood and named in 1863 by Septimus Piesse. See article at my website http://www.aromaticplantproject.com/articles_archive/azulene_chamomile.html

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INTRODUCTION ~ Since 1970, when I first started teaching my Aromatherapy & Herbal Studies Courses and giving seminars, I was much intrigued by the blue color and navy-blue color of some essential oils. Since that time, I have studied and collected them and in (1990) I also became aware of an oil called Ormenis sold as Chamomile OR Cladanthus mixtus or Moroccan Chamomile. I had purchased it several times and sometimes it was blue and sometimes yellow. This was very interesting, and I knew that there was definitely confusion amongst sellers and buyers of essential oils. I now wonder if even some of the producers know what they are picking and distilling.

In 1994, a detailed article (“Chamomile”, from The Aromatic “Thymes”. (Spring 1994) 2:2) describing some of the oils labeled or sold as Chamomile was written. The author discussed the Chamomile oils, various blue-colored oils, their healing properties as well as specific applications, safety, and perfumery usage. The article refers to many popular texts but lacks true taxonomic reference. It states “that depending on which book or article you read Blue Chamomile can mean two or more different plants entirely. Therefore, when I see something labeled or described simply Blue Chamomile, I am not amused”¹. After reading this article, it was apparent that there was much confusion regarding the common names of some of the blue-colored oils.

For instance, the genus Ormenis/Ormensis is one I undertook to investigate and have studied it to this day. I found that it is an old out-of-date name and Chamaemelum was the genus name although I have found recently that it is now named Cladanthus mixtus. There were and are also several very prominent essential oil companies selling Blue Tansy (Tanacetum annuum) as Blue Chamomile, which it is not – as well as confusing Moroccan Chamomile (Cladanthus mixtus) with several of the blue-colored oil even though this particular plant usually produces a yellow to mustard-colored oil.

The same plant botanically will always have the same botanical name all over the world but may have different common names depending on the country or area of the country. This is why you should learn the correct botanical (taxonomic) name of every plant and essential oil that you use.

You will find that there are no hard and fast rules to giving common names to plants. Classifying and naming plant essential oils can also be a mess. And though many of the blue oils with their vivid blue-colored azulene have similar uses as an anti-inflammatory because of this azulene content, there are cases where it is important to know EXACTLY which oil you have or need. As with anything, the best way to clarify confusion is to research and experiment using valid informative texts. Do not purchase these expensive blue oils until you truly know which one that you want.

Especially, do talk your source and get complete information about the oils you are purchasing, the Latin binomial, the part of the plant used, the country of origin and color one should expect in the oil. Hopefully they will know that essential oils do have color and that sometimes it is very specific to the oil. Buy a small quantity of the same oil from 2 different sources and compare color and scent. Also purchase a good book from an author who is not invested in an essential oil company. Several excellent aromatherapy books exist, The Aromatherapy Book – Applications & Inhalations by this author is a good start.

Remember for each terroir that each year of growth, each harvest, each separate distillation will result in an oil with slightly different amounts of chemical components and possibly slightly different color. The terroir or environment and individual ecology of a plant is important in the resultant essential oil. A year or two of great drought may result in a lower yield of essential oil but with improved or “stronger” components. A GC/MS is good but is only one aspect of ‘knowing’ an essential oil. The fragrance of any particular essential oil varies slightly from year to year and is totally dependent on the vagaries of “Mother Nature”⁷ and even the skill of the distiller. One study confirms that the Cladanthus mixtus species has different oil compositions depending on the area in which the plant is grown and thus the EO can sometimes be a darker yellow or a blue depending upon the (person) distiller. And this is probably true of many other plants and their essential oils. Always know what part of the plant is being harvested for the oil.

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NAMING ~ The plants we are discussing are Chamaemelum and Cladanthus (Ormenis), Matricaria, Artemisia arborescens and A. douglasiana, Tanacetum annuum, Achillea and Callitris. See my book, 375 Essential Oils & Hydrosols, chapter 2, Plant Names Mean Something⁷.

Chamaemelum nobile or Roman Chamomile comes from words meaning low-growing and from mel which means honey and nobile means nobile that is, a noble and low-growing and honey -smelling plant. Yes, Latin names mean something.

Cladanthus mixtus, the Moroccan Chamomile, both the blue-colored and yellow one, the name is from Greek words meaning flower (anthos) and branching or shoot (clad) [branching flower] and mixtus from the Latin word meaning blended as the plant looks like a combination of other plants.

Matricaria chamomilla, the German Chamomile, from words meaning a low-growing plant (chamo) and mother or uterus (matri) named for the uses that this plant had for women.

Artemisia (the goddess of the hunt) and arborescens (tree-like),is the tree-like Mugwort, a large plant that can be difficult to grow and does not respond well to pruning.

Artemisia douglasiana, also called Douglas’s sagewort; the genus name after the Greek goddess of the hunt and David Douglas who was a Scottish botanist who collected plants in Hawaii and apparently fell into a pit on Mauna Kea in Hawaii and was crushed by a bull who had also fallen in.

Tanacetum annuum, a plant with a sapphire-blue oil and the name means simply a tansy plant that is an annual. The oil has become known as an anti-asthmatic which is used by ingestion rather than inhalation or application.

Achillea millefolium, the common Yarrow is named after Achilles and refers to the fact that this plant was used to heal his wounds, and millefolium or a thousand flowers because of the look of the flowers.

Callitris intratropica is from the Greek word calli or beautiful and treis or three, alluding to the beautiful 3-fold arrangements of its parts, leaves i.e. scales and intratropica within the tropics. See the post for more information. https://jeanne-blog.com/cypress-and-blue-cypress/

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FAMILY of Asteraceae and Cupressaceae.

The Asteraceae family includes the Chamaemelum, Matricaria, Artemisia, Tanacetum and Achillea; while the Cupressaceae family of Class Coniferae includes only the Callitris Intratropica of the family Cupressaceae.

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FAMILY CHART OF THE BLUE OILS

A botanical chart showing the family connections between the various blue-colored oils — **Fig. 2**

Most of the Blue-colored oils occur in the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. Seven genera are represented. There is one Cupressaceae (woody Conifer) type.

The blue oils are anti-inflammatory, generally because of the azulene content, although there are other factors such as bisabolol that is also inflammatory. Also, one of the blue oils is best taken internally for various reasons. (See properties in part 2 of this article). Callitris is a great first-aid oil to apply externally; it can be mixed with Plai or Tea Tree.

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COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN: Native to Europe, North Africa and Siberia naturalized worldwide.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT, HABITAT & GROWTH ~ Even experts are confused by the variety of looks that each of the various species of these groups attains and the physical descriptions have been described in greater detail in more scholarly texts and also more simply in an article I wrote for the Aromatic Plant Project in 1994. See especially the references at the end of the article numbered 8, 9, 10, and 11.

A plant grown near water will often be more luxuriant than the same exact plant grown without water. Be aware of the terroir in which a plant does best and if growing it on your own try to imitate the best environment. Rich soil and abundant water may not be what makes a plant grow to its best.

These descriptions of plants may not be the most interesting to read but they are very important in order to know the plant. Get a good ID book — these are available in your local arboretum or botanical garden store, in any national park store as well as a general bookstore. The Peterson Field Guides are especially valuable.

Botany ~ Blue Oils Botany

“Cladanthus mixtus (L.) All., loc. Cit. (1785), Moroccan chamomile, is described as a somewhat pubescent annual 10-60 cm, often much-branched, with divaricate branches…in cultivated fields, roadsides, and maritime sands. Mediterranean region and S.W. Europe, extending northwards to France.”⁸ It is a good-looking plant, 90-125 cm high with very hairy leaves and tubular yellow flowers. The plant is probably a native of northwest Africa and evolved from a very common Ormenis species which grows all over the Mediterranean countries. The essential oil was not described. The herbarium sample I saw shows a plant to be a close look-alike to the annual Matricaria recutita and almost identical to Chamæmelum nobile. It has a mixed look of both.

“Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All., F. Pedem. 1:185 (1785) (aka Anthemis nobilis L.), Roman Chamomile, short perennial; more or less pubescent, decumbent, aromatic perennial (5-)10-30 c. Leaves 2- to 3-pinnatisect. Roadsides and damp grassland. W. Europe northwards to N. Ireland; formerly frequently cultivated for lawns, for ornament and for infusions and locally naturalized. Different from the above-mentioned C. mixtus which has most of the cauline leaves 1-pinnatisect while C. nobile has most of the cauline leaves 2- to 3-pinnatisect.”⁸ Also called Roman Chamomile oil. [see also Matricaria recutita.]. Can be used in lawns for fragrance.

“Matricaria chamomilla, Sweet Chamomile, Sweet False Chamomile. Sweet-scented, much-branched, glabrous annual, to 2 ½ feet; leaves to 2-3/8-inch-long, 2-pinnatifid into linear segments; heads 1 inch across, receptacle conical; disc flowers yellow, 5-lobed, ray flowers 10-20, white, reflexed, achenes 5-ribbed. Europe to west Asia; naturalized in North America.”¹¹

3 pictures of Herbarium samples of the plants named Chamomile. Learn the botanical name. — **Fig. 3 – 3 plants called Chamomile**

. “Artemisia arborescens L., Tree Mugwort, Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1188 (1763). White-tomentose, aromatic perennial to 7 feet high; stems 50-100 cm, woody below. Leaves 1- to 2-pinnatisect or the upper sometimes simple, petiolate; capitula 6-7 mm across, in a large, paniculate inflorescence. Receptacle hairy. Corolla glabrous. Mediterranean region, S. Portugal.⁸

This is a plant that I have grown for 20-years in my garden until a gardener decided to prune it and thus killed it by slow death over the next three years.

A. douglasiana Besser, Douglas Mugwort, a perennial that grows from 5 to 25 dm (2-7 feet) high from a rhizome. There are many stems that are erect and brown to gray-green. The leaves are evenly spaced, 1-11 (15) cm, and are narrowly elliptic to widely oblanceolate at and entirely or coarsely 3-5 lobed near the tip, sparsely tomentose above and densely white-tomentose below. Fruit 14

I am unable to grow this plant in my yard because of the lack of sun from two huge trees, a redwood to the east and a Eucalyptus to the west.

Fig. 4 – Tree Mugwort and Douglas Mugwort. photo by Jeanne Rose

Artemisia arborescens is 6-feet hight — Artemisia douglasiana stems are 15 inches long.

• Annual Tansy, Tanacetum annuum. L., “Sp. Pl 844 (1753). Ligules yellow or absent (T. parthenium has white ligules.) Greenish-pubescent annual to 3-feet high. Stems 20-80 cm, branched. Leaves pinnatisect, the cauline 1-3 cm; segments linear, acute or acuminate, sparsely pubescent to glabrous. All florets hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-toothed. Achenes 5-ribbed. Cultivated ground and waste places. S.W. Europe.”⁸

2 plants that produce blue-colored essential oil; Tanacetum annuum and Achillea millefolium. — **Blue Tansy –** **Tanacetum annuum** **& Yarrow in the S.F. Botanical Garden – Fig. 5**

Achillea millefolium, Yarrow, commonly called common yarrow, is a rhizomatous, spreading, upright to mat-forming perennial that is considered by many to be an aggressive weed. Common yarrow from Europe and Asia was originally introduced to America in colonial times and has since naturalized throughout the U. S. primarily along roadsides, fields, waste areas and lawns. These species plants are noted for producing deeply-dissected, fern-like, aromatic, medium green foliage and tiny, long-lasting, white flowers that appear in dense, flattened, compound corymbs (to 2-4” across) throughout the summer on stems typically rising 2-3 feet or more tall.—Missouri Botanical Garden

Blue Cypress oil and the tree that produces it via the bark and wood. — **Fig. 6**

• Callitris intratropica, Cypress-Pine, the blue-colored oil from the wood and the bark and an old tree for comparison. For the description of the tree and the oil, please refer to my blog https://jeanne-blog.com/cypress-and-blue-cypress-eo/

PORTION OF PLANT USED IN DISTILLATION, HOW DISTILLED, EXTRACTION METHODS ~ Chamazulene itself does not occur in the plant but is formed from a sesquiterpene lactone called matricine during the steam distillation process. So, don’t expect to make herbal remedies with plants that produce blue oils and have a blue product. These plants should be carefully distilled mainly from the flower, and the hydrosol immediately frozen (to preserve the blue color) and the essential oil collected and stored in the freezer to preserve it from oxidation.

In the plants that produce blue-colored oil, the flowers are the best part to distill whether by steam or hydro-distillation. They should be picked early in the day for the most abundant matricine and distilled immediately. As an example, for the best Yarrow EO or hydrosol, only the top flowering parts are harvested. The same is true for each of the eight species mentioned except for Blue Cypress for which the inner bark and wood is distilled.

Fig. 7

• The Magic of Distillation is being able to observe and watch something colorless change into something gorgeous blue. There is pure magic to distillation with the plants that contain matricine – that magical alchemical moment when you are distilling that the matricine dies and becomes something new. It changes within the blink of an eye from the plants’ colorless clear essential oil liquid and turns the perfect blue of the azulene. A different blue for each of the plants. Best observed via a glass receiver or Florentine style filtering flask.

The end of the condensing pipe, emptying into the receiver, showing the clear drops of distillate turning blue. — **Fig. 7a. Photo by Tracy Stringfellow of her beautiful Yarrow changing by the magic of alchemy from colorless to** **blue.**

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SUSTAINABILITY ~ Blue Tansy ( is Native to the Mediterranean area, but this plant has gradually disappeared due to excessive harvesting of wild plants. Albert Vieille Company has reintroduced this plant called blue Tansy (it actually has yellow flowers) to Morocco to produce the blue essential oil.

It is important that you examine each of the plants for their ability to reproduce before you choose to harvest or wild-craft them. Many plants are in dire straits because of human incursion into their environment. Best to learn to grow what you want to harvest.

In my 30 years with these plants, I have seen a half dozen farmers learn to grow several of the blue-oiled plants and then pull them from the soil because it took so long for consumers to learn and know them. You cannot expect farmers to grow plants that cannot be sold due to consumer ignorance.

**Fig. 7 b. Gorgeous farm-grown Yarrow. Photo by Tracy Stringfellow**

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STORAGE ~ All the blue-colored oils are likely to oxidize in time due to the azulenes and they should be stored in the freezer. Since Blue Cypress is a somewhat viscous oil and comes from the bark and wood, do not freeze but keep in the fridge, probably in the door section. It will get more viscous, but the colder air of the fridge will delay any deterioration and the essential oil will last longer. Just remember to bring it out of the fridge several hours before you are going to use the oil so that it warms up some. With the blue oils, you must be very careful and conscious of their color. If it is oxidizing, it will go from a beautiful blue to a green, greenish-black and eventually to brown. If brown put it down and do not use for therapy or medicinal use. The scent will also change and become what can only be described as ‘nasty’ — the scent impossible to wash off your hands. This is why you must always check the organoleptic qualities of your essential oils – there is much to be learned by their color, clarity, viscosity, and intensity.

Fig. 8

• ODOR DESCRIPTION ~ Left nostril smells the scent AND Right nostril smells the intensity

Left side nostril smells the scent; right side nostril smells the intensity. So, smell on the left side, then smell on the right and then waft back and forth under the nose to get the entire scent experience.
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•Blue Chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla, has a deep blue color and an aroma of fruit and toasted nuts.
•Roman Chamomile, Chamaemelum nobile, is pale blue to colorless and fruity, herbaceous and oily-aldehydic.
•Cladanthus mixtus, the yellow Moroccan Chamomile has a spicy-fruity odor.
•Blue Tansy, Tanacetum annuum, that most helpful plant for the respiratory system odor is toasty, green-conifer and warm.
•Yarrow, Achillea millefolium, the odor is unmistakable herbaceous and woody with an airy undernote.
•Blue Artemis, Artemisia arborescens, can be camphorous (no thujone) and herbaceous when it is distilled from plants grown on the west coast of the United States and very much like wormwood when distilled from plants grown in Morocco or Tunisia because of the high thujone content.
•Blue Sage also called Douglas Mugwort, Artemisia douglasiana, is herbaceous, clean and coniferous.
•Blue Cypress, Callitris intratropica, the odor is a low-intensity wood and somewhat cypress-like and camphoraceous back note.

IF ANY OF THESE ODORS are tending to an unpleasant fungal side, they are oxidizing. Remember, that you can know them by their scent. If the scent is changing, check also the color and if moving from a blue to dirty blue or brown, the oil is probably oxidizing and unusable. Remember to store these oils in the freezer.

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TASTE THE OILS. Taste does not mean eating, it only means when you put a sample on a scent strip, that after checking the fragrance you can give a lick to the strip to get the taste of the oil. Steam-distilled oils or CO₂ extracts can be tasted this way. Use all your senses to know your oils. Scientists describe seven basic tastes of astringent, bitter, pungent-chili, salty, sour, sweet, and umami. However, the tongue recognizes five basic tastes of bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami.

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COLOR & CHEMISTRY OF THE BLUE OILS ~ By examining all of these oils one can see which were the old and improperly stored oils and even last year’s distillation by their color. When they begin to oxidize, they turn yellow or brown; brownish-yellow for Ormenis and greenish-black for azulene-containing oils. Sometimes it is a disadvantage for the essential oils to be sold in brown bottles because the consumer cannot judge the age and quality of the oil by the color. My suggestion is that knowledgeable consumers carry around a bit of blotter paper and take a tiny sample by blotting the inside of the lid of these expensive oils, examining them carefully for color and scent before purchase. Also, the consumer must take some responsibility and learn the Latin binomial and make sure essential oils are labeled completely before they buy them. These blue-colored oils will show age and oxidation with a change in color from blue to greenish-black to green or from pale yellow to yellow-brown. If blackish or brown – put it down.

A color bar of 7 blue colors — **Fig. 9**

••Chamaemelum nobile — Chamazulene (27.80 %), β-pinene (7.93 %), 1,8- cineole (7.51 %), α-pinene (5.94 %), α-bisabolol (5.76 %) were found major compounds in Chamaemelum nobile.

•Matricaria chamomilla The main compounds identified were α-bisabolol (56.86%), trans-trans-farnesol (15.64%), cis-β-farnesene (7.12%), guaiazulene (4.24%), α-cubebene (2.69%), α-bisabolol oxide A (2.19%) and chamazulene (2.18%) and in another study In Matricaria recutita major compounds were chamazulene (31.2 %), 1,8-cineole (15.2 %) β-pinene (10.11 %), α-pinene (8.14 %), α-bisabolol (7.45 %) and terpinen-4-ol (4.11 %)

•Cladanthus mixtus – MOROCCAN CHAMOMILE when distilled is sometimes a blue color and more often a caramel or mustard color. The yields of the essential oils ranged between 0.1% and 0.8% (v/d.w.). These samples (Benguerir, Kenitra, Settat, Meknes, and Tamesna) were characterized by the dominance of camphor (14–27%), β‐myrcene (3–17%) and santolina triene (3–15%). All these and Chefchaouane essential oils showed a blue color. β‐Myrcene (3–17%), trans‐β‐farnesene (18%) and 2‐tridecanone (16%) dominated the Chefchaouane essential oil, Whereas Oujda, Bouznika and Sidi Alal Ibahraoui essential oils were yellow whereas trans‐β‐farnesene (43%) was the main component in the Oujda essential oil.¹⁶

•Tanacetum annuum. The main compounds were myrcene (13.67 %), camphor (12.67 %), sabinene (9.49 %), -pinene (7.70 %), -phellandrene (6.95 %) and chamazulene (5.87 %).

•Achillea millefolium the major components extracted from the stems, leaves, and inflorescences were found to be β-thujone (8.3–21.7%), camphor (8.6–11.7%), 1, 8-cineole (7.7–15.2%), β-pinene (3.8–7.8%) and sabinene (5.7–8.9%). More than sixty components have been identified;

•Artemisia arborescens. . EO extracted from dried aerial parts of the plant from Algeria, the main constituents of the essential oil were chamazulene (30.2%), β-thujone (27.8%), β-eudesmol (8.1%) and catalponol (5.5%). USA grown, specifically Pacific Northwest, the main components were 40% chamazulene, camphor 16%, many other components including terpenes such as 5% myrcene.

•Artemisia douglasiana artemisia ketone, yomogi alcohol, antifungal activity of vulgarone B and verbenone. I have seen a source list Douglas/California Mugwort leaves as containing α-thujone constituting 10% to 68% of the essential oil. Active compounds including many sesquiterpene lactones such as vulgarin and psilostachyin, and probably monoterpenoids such as thujone and alpha-pinene. The yield of essential oil from A. douglasiana is about 0.6–0.8% by weight of the dry material, including plant stems.

•Callitris intratropica— Australian Blue Cypress Oil is a vivid and pure cobalt-blue colored oil (see fig. 6), opaque, viscous like cane syrup, medium intensity odor (5 on a scale of 1-10). The taste is bitter. Turns green when oxidized. It contains various alcohols like 10-11% bulnesol and terpenes and 24.3% citronellic acid and 20% guaiol.

• C. columellaris — Australian Victorian Emerald Cypress oil is emerald green in color. And there is also an Australian Jade Cypress oil, Callitris glaucophylla used for pain and bruising that is a jade-green in color. For more information on the latter two please see http://www.aromaticplantproject.com/articles_archive/Australian_Essential_Oils.html

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SOLUBILITY ~ German Chamomile is soluble in 90-95% alcohol. Roman Chamomile is soluble in 7-10 volumes of 70% alcohol. It helps to always have on hand organic high proof alcohol in which to dissolve your oils or to use in perfumery. See https://organicalcohol.com/

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Fig. 10. https://jeanne-blog.com/chamomile-roman-eo-profile/

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QUESTIONS THAT WERE ASKED ~ These are the simple answers to certain questions that were asked and answered above in longer terms.

Are all blue oils anti-inflammatory? YES because of the content of azulene and bisabolol.
Do blue oils oxidize faster than other oils? YES, they seem too – remember to keep them in the freezer.
If I am making a blend with blue oils how should I preserve them? MAKE SMALL AMOUNTS, USE IT UP, AND THEN MAKE AGAIN.
How long before they turn green or brown? DEPENDS ON HOW THEY ARE CARED FOR IN THE BEGINNING
Are they still good once they turn green? NO, this means they are oxidizing.
Why are some distillations a darker blue than other distillations of the same oil? DEPENDS ON THE ATTENTION OF THE DISTILLER AND HOW CAREFUL THEY ARE WITH THE HARVEST; WHAT PART OF THE PLANT IS HARVESTED AND THE DISTILLING PROCESS. It also depends upon the amount of flowers to green tops.

Distiller = the person doing the distillation; Still = the object used to distill

Can there be allergic or skin reactions to chamazulene? THERE HAVE BEEN SOME REPORTS OF ALLERGIC RESPONSE TO AZULENE AND TO PLANTS CONTAINING MATRICINE
Are blue oils good for compromised skin conditions? DEPENDS ON THE BLUE OIL, SOME HAVE BEEN USED FOR SKIN CANCER such as Artemisia arborescens from Morocco because of the thujone content and A. arborescens from Oregon which has no thujone, it has camphor).
Are they safe to use on children? Roman Chamomile can be used, VERY DILUTED IN SMALL AMOUNTS, plant tea is recommended to being used first.

Fig. 11. Spring tea from annual Chamomile, Matricaria chamomille (JR photo 2010)

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END OF PART I OF The Blue Oils

Part 2 will include properties, uses, how to use the oil, chemistry, Blue oil tomato tales, history, references, precautions, blending and formulas for health and well-being and references.

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Fig. 12.

Rising Up

EUCALYPTUS-pt 2

Dec16

Eucalyptus-pt 2 ~Synopsis ~ Includes properties, uses, how to use the herb and oil, chemistry, tomato tales, history, references, precautions, blending and formulas for health and well-being.2

By Jeanne Rose December 2019

Beautiful Eden Botanical Eucalyptus oils and Eucalyptus trees — **Beautiful** **Eden Botanical Eucalyptus oils** **and Eucalyptus trees**

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Eucalyptus-part 1 synopsis ~ Eucalyptus leaves have been used for thousands of years, there are many species, that support the health of your body; contains species information and general descriptions, harvest location, and sensory characteristics of many of the essential oils.

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EUCALYPTUS-pt 2 GENERAL PROPERTIES

For the individual oils see https://jeanne-blog.com/eucalyptus-pt-1/

The most common species available will be the oils of E. citriodora, now known asCorymbia citriodora, the Lemon Eucalyptus from Malawi, Madagascar, and Australia; E. dives – Broad-leafed Peppermint Eucalyptus. This contains piperitone, but there are E. dives with identical morphology but different forma which do not contain this peppermint-scented chemical; E. globulus – Blue Gum Eucalyptus at home in southeastern Australia and there are several subspecies with a different distribution. Also found in Portugal and the USA in different terroir and thus slightly different odors. It is also named Fever tree as it was planted to drain malarial swamps in the Eastern Mediterranean area; E. polybractea – Mallee or Blue-leaved Mallee Eucalyptus from Australia and E. radiata – Narrow-leaf or Narrow-leaf Peppermint Eucalyptus from Australia and So. Africa.

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Properties of Eucalyptus – The properties of Eucalyptus oil can be by IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation or AP=application.

• Inhalation: Antiseptic, expectorant, mucolytic, anti-infectious, antibiotic, antiviral, bactericide, and tonic.
• Application: Antiseptic, anti-infectious, antibiotic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, pectoral, vulnerary, stimulant, mild local analgesic.
• Ingestion: Antiviral, expectorant, anti-infectious, antibiotic, tonic and febrifuge.

USES – any Eucalyptus essential oil will work best on the respiratory system.

∞ It is the Oil of Respiration ∞

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Eucalyptus-pt 2
Here are some of the conditions Eucalyptus oil and leaf might treat.
bronchitis
colds
ear infections (otitis)
flu
sinusitis
sore throat

Good for
acne
burns
chickenpox
depression
emotional overload
exhaustion
fever
herpes
insect repellent
shingles
tissue regeneration
urinary tract
vaginitis
wound healing
∞

EXTERNAL USE of Eucalyptus Oil ~ This oil is used externally as a simple or in a blend, externally as a massage for arthritis, for muscle pain, asthma, bronchitis, congestion, coughs, or on simple burns, and as a disinfectant-antiseptic, for fibromyalgia, and as an insect repellent.
Eucalyptus is cooling and has a powerful action in all types of fevers. An easy way to apply the EO and to induce good sleep is to massage E. smithii or E. radiata onto the feet, particularly on the soles. For aching muscles and joints, apply or massage directly onto the area. I prefer a blend mixing the Eucalyptus globulus with Sage or Rosemary oil.

∞

Eucalyptus-pt 2 – DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION ~ Any of the Eucalyptus oils can be used in the diffusor, and mix easily in various blends that include spices, woods, seeds, roots, leaves, citrus and any of the herbs. The Blue Gum, Eucalyptus globulus seems to be quite stable in soap and is uplifting and fragrant. Quite an easy oil to use and to diffuse.
I especially appreciate using an inhalator, shown below. A very good piece of equipment to use for inhaling essential oils with either steam or hot water.

the inhalator, a funnel shaped tool to hold hot water and essential oils. — **Inhalator**

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EUCALYPTUS-pt 2. EMOTIONAL/ENERGETIC USE ~ “In energy work, the family Myrtaceae and especially the genus Eucalyptus is considered to be notable for its balance of all the elements of air, fire, water, and earth. It brings this balance to healing. It achieves this by focusing its effects on the energy centers, which are the lungs and the metabolism. The Eucalypts roots drain water from the swamps, and so does the essential oil of the leaf drain mucus and bring it up from deep in the lungs. It is strong and vigorous in its nature and is resistant to insects and disease — this indicates the power of the essential oil in healing and as a restorer of energy, vitality and balance to a system that has been physically or emotionally weakened by illness. It restores life in general and aids in the prevention of disease by shoring up the reserves of the immune system.”¹

An Energizing Formula is a combination of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) and Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in equal parts, inhaled on a hanky or via a diffuser or 6 drops of the formula with a carrier oil for massage.

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EUCALYPTUS-pt 2 INTERNAL – Internal Uses ~ We do not recommend the internal use of Essential oils. If you choose to do so, it is recommended that competent complementary medical advice be received. Take at your own risk!

Some use Eucalyptus oil for urinary tract infections (UTI). It has diuretic and antiseptic properties. Here you may wish to make a mixture of Australian Sandalwood and Eucalyptus smithii in a formula of 1•1. Take 2-3 drops in a gelatin capsule, Cranberry or Marshmallow root capsule or in honey 3X/day for no more than 2 days.

• Eucalyptus-pt 2

EUCALYPTUS BLENDING AND PERFUMERY

BLENDS BEST ~ Eucalyptus blends well with many essential oils especially those with therapeutic value such as Black and Green Pepper, various species of ‘cedar-wood’, herbs such as Lavender, Lemon Balm, Peppermint, the grass oils such as Lemongrass or Palmarosa, all type of seed oils and root oils, Mediterranean oils of Rosemary, Lavender, Marjoram, and other Australian oils from the Leptospermum spp. (aka teatrees), and conifer oils and the citrus oils. All sorts of therapeutic formulas can be made with one or another of the Eucalypts.

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EUCALYPTUS-pt 2 ~BLENDING WITH FORMULA ~

FORMULAS & RECIPES

All-Purpose Formula: For all respiratory tract infections, herpes, sore muscles, strains, athlete’s foot, parasites, and fleas… Mix 3 drops each of E. globulus, Rosemary and Lavender to 1 oz of Calendula infused or simple Olive oil. Apply externally to the chest and around the nose.

•Bedbug repellent: Mix the following essential oils together; Eucalyptus citriodora (Corymbia citriodora) oil – 10%, Orange Oil – 5%, Peppermint Oil – 5%; with alcohol 80% of the formula . Spray everywhere.

• Herpes: You will want an EO that contains citral such as Lemon tea tree (Leptospermum citratum or L. petersonii) from Australia with 80% citral and some citronellal. Mix 3-4 drops each E. globulus, L. citratum, Citrus x limon (Bergamot), and Pelargonium graveolens to 1 oz of Lemon Verbena or Melissa hydrosol. Apply 1-drop externally to the mouth or nose herpes. Shake vigorously before each use. It will ‘bite’ you.

•Insect Repellent: Add 1 teaspoon of E. citriodora (Corymbia citriodora) + ½ t. dish soap to make an emulsion. Add this to 1 cup of warm water or Tea Tree hydrosol. Rub into the skin before going out to make a powerful insect repellent.

• Respiratory: 1 drop each of any Eucalyptus, Lavender CT cineol*, Pine or Fir, and Thyme. Add to a pot of boiling water, bend over the pot, and cover head and pot with a towel. Inhale through the nose to treat the sinus and exhale through the mouth, then inhale through the mouth and exhale through the nose to treat the throat and lungs. Or use the oils and technique explained in ‘Sequential Inhalation”.
* In 1870, F. S. Cloez identified and ascribed the name “eucalyptol” to the chemical that is now correctly known as 1,8-cineol.

• Tonsillitis/Sore Throat: Mix equal parts of Eucalyptus, Tea tree and Thyme and put into a diffuser. Open mouth near diffuser spout and breathe in through the mouth and out through the nose for 1-2 minutes every half hour or so. For children use half the amount of Thyme. I have known some students use a Q-tip to paint the tonsil area with a bit of this mixture or Tea Tree or Clove oil for sore throat. But it is not something that I could do.

— The Aromatherapy Studies Course. Institute of Aromatic Study.
San Francisco, CA.

EUCALYPTUS-pt 2 PERFUMERY ~ I have never used any of the Eucalypts in a perfume, although I have seen it listed in Chrissie Wildwood’s book, in a list as a perfume top note and that it blends well with Lavender and Rosemary. I do agree that it blends well with many oils and is used in blends for massage and therapy, but I would not use most of the popular species of Eucalyptus in a true perfume.

It is possible that 1-drop of Eucalyptus dives ct. piperitone or other Eucalypts with 100 drops of sweet scents would uplift and enhance the perfume.

Eucalyptus macarthurii is mainly used in perfumery because its major component is geranyl acetate up to 44-56% and some of its varieties as high as 70%. It also contains geraniol, linalool and α, and β-eudesmol. I have not had the opportunity to smell this oil but imagine it might be similar to some types of Pelargonium spp. with their pleasant fruity/floral aroma.

EUCALYPTUS-pt 2 HYDROSOL ~ I have not had the opportunity to distill or use Eucalyptus hydrosol. The only person I knew who did distill a species of Eucalyptus became sick because of the odor of a component called cuminaldehyde. Now of course we know we should distill some of the species twice to have the best possible scent and therapeutic result. If you have distilled Eucalyptus and send me a bottle of its hydrosol, I will add it to this post.

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Eucalyptus-pt 2 chart with both Chinese & Western Uses

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Eucalyptus pt 2 is 6 botanical species of Eucalyptus oil of Australia showing organoleptic qualities and some very color-full oils. — **6 botanical species of Eucalyptus oil of Australia showing organoleptic qualities and some very color-full oils.**

From left to right is E. globulus, #5 E. stageriana, #4 E. polybractea,
#3 E. dives, #2 E. radiata, #1 E. citronella (Corymbia citriodora)

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INHALING Respiratory oils SEQUENTIALLY AS A TREATMENT
For Cold & flu*

This is the most important reason JEANNE ROSE uses the Eucalyptus EO!

Be prepared to fight those awful cold & flu season symptoms with pure, therapeutic quality essential oils from plants. No drowsy side effects! 100% natural! Include in the treatment Black Spruce, Douglas Fir (organic), Eucalyptus radiata, Fir Pine (Abies siberica, 1975), Rosmarinus pyramidalis, for the sinus and Ravensara aromatica (organic).
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SEQUENTIAL INHALATION WITH a COLDS & FLU KIT
From Jeanne Rose Aromatherapy Studies Course

There are six essential oils suggested in the Jeanne Rose Aromatherapy Colds & Flu Kit and they include Black Spruce (stimulate the adrenal), Douglas Fir (antiseptic and disinfectant), Eucalyptus radiata (expectorant and mucolytic or liquefies the mucus in the lungs), Rosmarinus pyramidalis (sinus cleanser and relief), and Fir Pine is Abies spp. (cleanser and respiratory tonic), and Ravensara aromatica (antiseptic, antiviral).

When there is any sort of respiratory congestion, it is good to inhale the essential oils in hot water. Your mother probably taught you to do this. You will need a pot, water, essential oils and a towel (or an inhalator). Bring two cups of water to a boil in a small pot. Bring the pot to the table. Cover your head with a towel over the pot making a tent. Now add one drop of essential oil at a time to the pot. Inhale until the scent is gone and then add the second oil. Continue until you have used all six oils. Use the oils in the sequence as given above. This will take about six-eight minutes. Do not add more than one drop of essential oil at a time. Inhale the scent until the scent is gone (about one minute). [If you add more than one drop at a time you will probably gag and cough which is not a healthy act].

Inhale through the mouth, exhale through the nose; then inhale through the nose and exhale through the mouth. Alternate throughout the procedure. This gives the essential oils a chance to cleanse both the sinus area and the throat and lungs.

By inhaling only one oil at a time, you will be getting the full benefits of the oil before moving on to the next.

Black Spruce is stimulating to the adrenals to get them to start working and to prevent asthma attacks as well as to help get the person off synthetic cortisone.

Douglas Fir is relaxing to the airways and has a bit of limonene. Limonene is an unsaturated monoterpene and the main component in the essential oil of citrus and some conifers. It functions extremely well as an ozone scavenger. It may be a key to preventing asthma since natural “ozone scavengers” – produced by all plants – can help break the cycle that makes treating asthma so difficult. Douglas Fir also refreshes the air.

Eucalyptus radiata is a very gentle Eucalyptus oil that acts as mucolytic, liquefying the mucus in your nose and lungs and helping to eliminate it through coughing or sneezing.

Rosmarinus pyramidalis, for the sinus, is cleansing and tonic to the sinus and stimulates the body to wake up and the brain to wake up, to get up and to feel good. The oils also help refresh the air. This Rosemary is a specific to cleanse the sinus.

Fir Pine (Abies siberica. Fragrant and antiseptic, inhaled to discourage bacteria in the airways.

And finally, Ravensara aromatica, which is anti-infectious and expectorant.

*The Jeanne Rose Colds & Flu Kit came with full directions was only $45.00 and included the above six Essential Oils and was packaged in a Handcrafted Tapestry Bag. This kit is no longer in production, but it can be made by you. Should you want my kit, please privately order at aromaticplant@yahoo.com

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EUCALYPTUS-pt 2 ~PHARMACEUTICAL USES ~ “Eucalyptus oil is used in throat lozenges; chest rubs and liquids for the purpose of clearing mucus from the nose and lungs and to relieve upper respiratory distress. It is mucolytic. It is also used in air fresheners, deodorants and insecticides. These are exactly the same reasons we use Eucalyptus in aromatherapy but without the synthetics, alcohol, dyes and artificial flavorings mixed in.” —unnamed source

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Eucalyptus tree by Tracy Feldstein

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EUCALYPTUS-pt 2 ~ HERBAL USES ~ I have mentioned the herbal uses of Eucalyptus leaves in several of my books. The leaves can be used in the bath as an infusion for cleansing and the “antiseptic action and the scent coming off the bathwater is especially nice when you have a cold or a respiratory problem.”¹²The leaves are used also in sleep pillows for breathing problems, and they are useful in mixtures of herbs for dandruff or scalp conditions. The leaves of most species can also be used when they have been macerated or decocted in oil (then strained), the infused oil being used in lotions, ointments for chapped hands, or as a rub for aching muscles. This is a very useful leaf to use herbally. Here is a link to a great chart that lists both herbal and essential uses of 81 plants. http:///articles/EO_Herbs.htm

The leaves of various species of Eucalyptus are used as a flavorant in Gothic Gin.

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EUCALYPTUS-pt 2 ~AGRICULTURAL USES ~ One of the most interesting uses I have found for Eucalyptus is in the gold business. Apparently, if Eucalyptus grows where there is gold in the earth, these trees that suck water out of the soil, (when there is gold in the soil) will absorb the gold into their leaves via the water. However, gold is toxic to Eucalyptus leaves and is then excreted. The leaves drop, the gold searchers need only test the leaves rather than digging huge holes and if the leaves come up positive then the searchers start the digging. In Canada, this is done with Pine leaves (needles) and in Australia, it is Eucalyptus when hunting for gold and other precious metals.

Eucalyptus is a heavy user of water and is planted in marshy areas to drain the soil, with less water, there are fewer mosquitoes and in some areas, fewer mosquitoes means less malaria.

∞

Eucalyptus-pt 2 ~ HISTORICAL AND INTERESTING ~ The essential oil .. “extracted from eucalyptus leaves contains compounds that are powerful natural disinfectants and can be toxic in large quantities. Several marsupial herbivores especially koalas and possums, are relatively tolerant of it. The close correlation of these oils with other more potent toxins called formylated phloroglucinol compounds (euglobals, macrocarpals and sideroxylonais allows koalas and other marsupial species to make food choices based on the smell of the leaves. For koalas, these compounds are the most important factor in leaf choice. Eucalyptus flowers produce a great abundance of nectar, providing food for pollinators that include bats, birds, insects, and possoms.”⁵

In 1870, F.S. Cloez identified and ascribed the name “eucalyptol” to what is now correctly known as 1,8-cineol. So, eucalyptol is an old out-of-date name and you should use cineol or cineole.

“In 1896 R.T. Baker and H. G. Smith collaborated on a series of investigations of the Eucalyptus species and “were the first to use chemistry as a means of differentiating species which showed very slight botanical differences.¹¹”

“Malaria was extinguished from the swampy Paludi Pontine region near Rome through plantation planting with Tasmanian blue gum. The word malaria is Italian (mala aria) for ‘bad air’. Originally it was believed that the disease was caused by the foul smell from the swamps. The fragrant eucalyptus trees would freshen the air. Today, the beneficial effect is explained by a reduction of the mosquitos transferring the disease. The water demanding eucalyptus trees partly dried out the swamps, and the essential oil of the fallen leaves possibly hampered the development of the mosquito’s larvae.”⁶

**•4 different sets of Eucalyptus oil representing organic, and wild, 8 species, and 3 company lines.**

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• Jeanne Rose EUCALYPTUS TOMATO TALES

Insect Repellant Formula ~ I use essential oils of Catnip, Lemon Eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) and Lemongrass for a bug repellent control. I have experimented with many blends and find that adding the Catnip oil significantly increases the effectiveness.

Formula:
½ oz Neem oil and add ½ oz of Coconut oil and shake together with ½ cup 95% neutral grain spirits.
Add:
1-dram (120 drops) catnip oil – attracts cats but repels bugs. (Don’t use this in the jungle or woods where tigers, lions, and panthers live).
1-dram (120 drops) Lemon eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) E.O (bug repellent)
1-dram (120 drops) Lemongrass/Citronella mixture E.O (bug repellent)
2-ml (60 drops) Lavender/Peppermint E.O mixture for scent (Total 420 drops)
Succuss the essential oils together well to integrate (mix). And then add the Neem and vegetable oil and alcohol and shake well (succuss) before using each time. When you wish to use this, dilute 1-2 times with hydrosol or distilled water. Put into spray containers and use liberally. Shake before each use. This recipe must also be reapplied frequently. It does require frequent reapplication; you could increase the Lemon eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) or add more fractionated coconut or grapeseed oil.

Personal Preferences in this formula. I prefer using the alcohol to vegetable oil because the oil makes you feel sweaty and that attracts bugs. A light spray of the scented alcohol works better for me. The spray mixed with 50•50 with distilled water or Catnip hydrosol lasts from 1-3 hours depending on how much a person sweats. In an unscented lotion base, it will last longer. The total essential oil content is about 1.5% in the spray and less than that in the lotion since it stays on longer and people tend to apply more if using the lotion. Use this at dusk and spray the screens and mosquito netting (both at dusk and before bed). This recipe is a combination of a student and my personal research.

∞

EUCALYPTUS-pt 2 ~ CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ~ Upon distillation it takes approximately 125 lbs. (50 kg) of Eucalyptus leaves to produce 2.5 lbs. (1 kg) of Eucalyptus oil. The primary chemical constituent of Eucalyptus oil is 1,8-cineole (aka eucalyptol or eucalyptus oxide). Cineole belongs to a group of chemical compounds called oxides. The properties of Oxides are known to be mucolytic, expectorant and for those with an ‘energetic’ mind-set, centering. Whenever you find cineole in essential oil in large quantities, you know that that EO. is going to be very good for the lungs. Many Eucalyptus species contain at least 70-80% cineole. Even Lavender oil with cineole will be useful for the lungs (cineole is considered an off-chemical for Lavender and indicates a poor quality E.O.).

The Eucalyptus essential oil generally comprises 70% cineole, pinenes, sesquiterpene alcohols, aromadendrene, and cuminaldehyde.

•

The chemistry of the Eucalyptus oils is very interesting. Each species has different components.

An example is Lemon Eucalyptus (E. citriodora) now called Corymbia citriodora contains 60% citronellal and 20% citronellol. This is a better smelling scent than Citronella and because it has more of the alcohol citronellol it also is a better bug/insect repellent. This EO is not very expensive and would be a great addition to soap. Bug repellent, when inhaled, it is also calming and relaxing.

E. dives whose chemistry can change within a small group of the trees, has several distinct chemotypes and large quantities “have been distilled for the manufacture of synthetic thymol and menthol”¹⁴ if the principal component was piperitone. “The observance of physiological forms was first observed in this species”.¹⁴

E. globulus usual chemistry is 63% 1,8-cineole, 22% alpha-pinene, 4.6% limonene, 2-3% aroma-dendrene and the properties are expectorant, mucolytic, stimulant and mild local analgesic.¹³

The chemistry of E. polybractea CT cryptone is 54.5% cineole, 19.7% beta-phellandrene, 6.8% alpha-phellandrene, 2.7% limonene, 1.6-1.9% each of alpha-pinene, alpha-thujene, sabinene, myrcene, terpinene-4-ol, cryptone and the essential oil properties are mucolytic, expectorant, antiviral, anti-malarial.¹³

E. radiata chemistry is50-70% 1, 8-cineole, 8-32% alpha-terpineol, 6-8% limonene, 2-4% alpha-pinene, 1-2% myrcene, beta-phellandrene, terpinene-4-ol, terpenyl acetate and the EO properties are Mucolytic, expectorant, anti-infectious, rhinitis, and muscle relaxer.¹³

E. smithii chemical profile is 78% cineole, 8 % alpha-pinene, 6% limonene and 2% alpha-terpineol and the EO properties are Mucolytic, anti-infective, disinfectant, local analgesic, calming.¹³

•YIELD ~ The yield of E. globulus is from .75 to 1.25% while E. polybractea is .75 to 2.% and up to 5% for some species. The season of the harvest and the age of the plant affects the yield. Young plant material yields more oil.

•SOLUBILITY ~ Eucalyptus oil is soluble in 1.5 to 3.0 volumes of 70% alcohol. Some species are soluble in 1.0 to 1.2 volumes of 70% alcohol.

∞

Abstract/Scientific Data ~ In Food Chemistry, vol. 129, Issue 4, 15 Dec. 2011, pages 1427-1434, there was an interesting article called, “Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of 20 Eucalyptus species’ essential oils. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.100]. The highlights include the information that ten chemotypes were identified, including cineole, cryptone, and others.

∞

Key Use ~ The Oil of Respiration

• Resources ~ I have made great use of the website called www.google.scholar.com for a variety of interesting scientific studies.

•References:
¹Adapted and Used with permission. The Aromatic Thymes. Vol. 2. #1. Winter 1994.
²https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/Euclid/sample/html/history.htm
³ https://anbg.gov.au/aborig.s.e.aust/eucalyptus-species.html
⁴Optimum planting densities for the production of eucalyptus oil from blue mallee (Eucalyptus polybractea) and oil mallee (E. kochii). Author links. P. L. Milthorpea, M.I. H. Brooker, A. Sleeb H. Nicolc. 1998.
⁵Wikipedia
⁶http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils11/EssentialOils11.htm#Eucalyptus
⁷Private communications.
⁸https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ffj.2730090203
⁹GC/MS analysis of volatile constituents and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus in atlas median from Morocco
¹⁰Chemistry and bioactivity of Eucalyptus essential oils. Allelopathy Journal 25(2):313-330 • April 2010
¹¹A Research on the eucalypts and Their Essential Oils by R. T. Baker and H. G. Smith.
¹² by Jeanne Rose. 2000. Available at /books.html
¹³http://www.aromaticplantproject.com/articles_archive/Australian_Essential_Oils.html
¹⁴Guenther. The Essential Oils, vol 4, p. 465
•
Brooker, Ian and David Kleinig. Eucalyptus, An Illustrated Guide to Identification. Reed Books, Australia. 1996
Elliott, W. Rodger and David L. Jones. Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants
FLORA. Publication of the California Native Plant Society. Summer 2019
Franchomme & Pénoël .Aromatherapie
Guenther. The Essential Oils.
http://www.aromaticplantproject.com/articles_archive/Australian_Essential_Oils.html
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose & Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 1992, 2018
https://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/pdf/0471273961.excerpt.pdf (Nomenclature &taxonomy)
Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
Rose, Jeanne .The Aromatherapy Studies Course, CH. 14. 1999.
Webb, Mark A. Bush Sense, Australian Essential Oils. Griffin Press, Australia. 2000
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, California.

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“Of all the essential oils Eucalyptus is one of the most powerful and useful.”

Safety Precautions - Use with care or not at all on children and the elderly. — **Safety Precautions**

SAFETY PRECAUTION ~ Use with care or not at all on children and the elderly

Perfume escaping from a bottle — ***Rising Up***

Ylang-Ylang Flowers & Oil

Oct18

Synopsis ~ The history, botany, cultivation, distillation of the flowers for essential oil, solubility and the uses of the oil.

Distillation and aromatherapy books, 10 different bottles of Ylang-Ylang oil and a small copper distillation unit. — **Books and oils needed for research**

YLANG-YLANG ESSENTIAL OIL PROFILE

YLANG-YLANG BOTANICAL & LATIN BINOMIAL ~ Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Thomson. Ylang has other common names such as Macassar-oil plant, or perfume tree. Ylang-Ylang is said to mean ‘flower of flowers’ in the Philippines. However, I was not able to confirm this. It could mean several other words as well. The Tagalog name is ilang-ilang.
“The species and its genus have a long and rather confusing nomenclatural history that has yet to be resolved completely.”³—Turner and Veldkamp

            Naming ~ There are two forms of the plant, often called Cananga odorata forma macrophylla which produces the oil called Cananga and the more well-known Cananga odorata forma genuina which is the oil we will be discussing. They are considered different trees with different plant descriptions, forma macrophylla from Java and other islands while forma genuina is best when from Madagascar.
       I have been fortunate to have seen and smelled both types although at the time (1990) I was not aware of the difference in the plants.

         Family – Annonaceae

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COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN ~ Native to India, Indonesia, and the Philippines, and grows well in the Comoros, Islands of Madagascar, Réunion, as well as Haiti and Zanzibar. The Fairchild Tropical Gardens in Coral Gables, Florida have trees as does the Palm Beach Garden Club (I believe that was the name of the place where I spoke about 20 years ago).

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT, HABITAT & GROWTH ~ Tall tropical tree growing over 60 feet high with large drooping yellow flowers, up to six inches wide. The flowers first appear green and are without fragrance and covered in white hairs, then, roughly twenty days later, change to white then to yellow and become very fragrant.

“In this country, there are also large trees which at certain times produce very beautiful fragrant flowers. One of these is the Cananga-tree, which is rather high, beautiful of the trunk (which sometimes may be a fathom around), and greyish of bark. The leaves are in rows on long twigs arranged against each other, about as long as wide, similar to a peach leaf, acute, and full of ribs. The blossom, or flowers, show themselves here and there between the leaves, in bunches, well similar to a somewhat yellow or orange ribbon, which hangs down, consisting of six long narrow weak leaflets, about a little finger long, and as wide.
Her true color at first is pale yellow, having on top as a small peppercorn, from which the fruit comes. They are very strong in scent, which they spread along the whole road where this tree stands, especially towards the night; yet their color is the most pleasant. Most of the flowers fall without producing a fruit (a few excepted) and were collected, for nosegays for the young damsels, to carry them in their hair. The native dries it, too, to smoke it under his tobacco, or to eat them with betel nut, putting a leaflet with the betel quid. They also serve to decorate with them the vegetable-bows at the large festivals, and especially with an oil that has been extracted, which is very strong, fragrant, and useful against many ailments originating from frigidness. The natives also use this oil below their betel nut, also they mix it together with their bobori . The wild does not differ much from the tame, of which we show a branch on No XLII.”³

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Ylang-Ylang flowers

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PORTION OF PLANT USED IN DISTILLATION, HOW DISTILLED, EXTRACTION METHODS ~

The flowers are harvested fresh and hydro- or steam-distilled. In 375 Essential Oils & Hydrosols, explicit instruction is given on how to distill Ylang-Ylang flowers. See p. 159.⁴
1) all parts of the still must be immaculate.
2) the flowers should be fully mature, not damaged, and harvested early in the morning.
3) flowers must be taken immediately to the distillery and distilled immediately.
4) the stills are direct-fired, and the water should be almost boiling when the flowers are added.
5) proceed smoothly, quickly, uniformly with supervised eyes-on distillation.
6) condensation must be efficient, and the fractions sharply cut off.
7) complete notes should be taken on all parts of the growing, harvesting and distillation including information on the distillation weather, water, equipment, wind and temperature during the distillation.

“The flowers of the tree are steam-distilled. “The first part of the distillation produced within the first 45 minutes produces the finest oil, known as “Extra” and the receiver is then removed, and another receiver put in its place. The “Extra” is used mainly in perfumery. The same flowers continue to be distilled for several more hours and in 2 ½ hours, another receiver when removed is called the 1^st fraction, as the distillation continues for several more hours and the receiver is removed and this is called the 2^nd fraction, distillation will continue for up to 10-14 hours and finally, the end result is called the 3^rd fraction. This last fraction is often used for removing varnishes. This process can take up to fourteen hours. Ylang-Ylang oil is also produced by solvent extraction with ether and this forms a concrète and absolute.^“4
On Madagascar sometimes when a steam-distillation is done for a ‘complete’ the entire distillation is done in 6-8 hours.

Yield ~ 1.5-2%. A mature tree gives 9 kilograms of fresh flowers yielding 30 grams of oil per year.

3 fractions of the oil

There is a study and work being conducted on capturing Ylang-Ylang scent by headspace technology. This is a process used to capture the odor compounds present in the air that surround an object. Once the scent is captured and analyzed, perfumers can try to recreate the scent using what they have available.

showing Ylang-Ylang plant and headspace technology — **Scent capture by headspace technology**

SUSTAINABILITY ~ Ylang-ylang seems to be sustainable at this point and several large commercial companies are working with planters and growers to maintain the healthy population of these tree flowers. They work to champion responsible sourcing and supporting the farming community.

CONTRAINDICATIONS ~ It may cause nausea and headache if overused.

ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS of some YLANG-YLANG OILS

5 Organoleptic characteristics of Ylang-Ylang oil through 8 samples

Taste Description ~ There are now six described tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory) and pungent (heat and spice).

8 different fractions (types) of Ylang-Ylang oil (7 courtesy of Eden Botanicals)

ODOR DESCRIPTION ~ There is more descriptive odor information in the Blending portion of this blog post and odor snapshots at the end. I am particularly fond of the Absolute of Ylang-Ylang and the Extra that I have from 1995, and 2005. These two types of Ylang-ylang are so rich and floral, fruity with powder and honey back notes.

The absolute and the extra have deep rich color and have a very satisfying and rich fatty, floral, and a fruity odor that has great tenacity in a scent blend. The complete and the fine organic are also enjoyable with very special uses in blending and perfumery. In a blend these top fractions have unusual power in the top note, and the fragrance fades out very slowly and elegantly in a long-lasting, floral-spicy and very sweet way that is truly reminiscent of the fragrance of the flower.

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SOLUBILITY

Ylang-Ylang is not soluble in 2 volumes of 95% alcohol. That means if you add 1-volume of Ylang-Ylang to 2-volumes of alcohol it will be milky and not clear. You have to add enough alcohol as a diluent so that it is not milky. Years ago, I had a phone call from a student that the Ylang she was using was milky and not clear when she added alcohol as a diluent. I went to my Guenther books and read all about Ylang and found that it is not soluble in certain amounts of alcohol. As an experiment in July of 2002, I decided to do some various dilutions for my own knowledge and experimentation. As follows:
1 volume of Ylang -Ylang Extra plus 2 volumes of 85% Pear EtOH — milky and creamy in color …
1 volume of Ylang -Ylang Extra plus 2 volumes of 95% Grain EtOH — milky and golden in color …
1 volume of Ylang -Ylang #3 plus 2 volumes of 85% Pear EtOH — milky and creamy in color …
1 volume of Ylang -Ylang #3 plus 2 volumes of 95% Grain EtOH — milky and golden in color …

In September 2002, I mixed 20 drops of each of the four types of Ylang -Ylang with 10 or fewer drops of each of the alcohol and found that the color stayed golden in color and that the mixtures were clear.

18 hours later at 10 am on 9/7/02 – I looked at the mixtures and found that the Ylang-Ylang had settled out of the 85% EtOH and was still turbid in 95% grain EtOH. I mixed the two types of 85% EtOH and Ylang-Ylang together and watched the settling process.

Then I read Guenther again and found that if your Ylang -Ylang gets milky in alcohol it only means that you added too little or too much alcohol — it is supposed to get milky and if it doesn’t get milky then you have an adulterated Ylang -Ylang. In other words, the more alcohol you add the milkier and cloudier it gets until up to 10 volumes of 90% EtOH and it will begin to clear. [thus, you need 10 times the high-proof alcohol as a diluent with Ylang-Ylang]

Here is more information from Guenther…

“Oils obtained by steam distillation in a large distillery on Madagascar are of good quality. The relatively high specific gravity and ester number of the “3^rd” fraction prove that distillation was not “pushed” too far. Entire distillation of Ylang-Ylang lasted 12 hours….”¹ —Guenther, The Essential Oils, vol. 5, pages 297 specifically and pages 276-316.

Solubility chart

This was a great experiment.

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ~ Ylang-Ylang oil is very complex with many constituents including, Linaloöl, Geranyl Acetate, Benzyl Benzoate, B-Caryophyllene, Benzyl Acetate, Methyl Benzoate, Methyl Salicylate, Eugenol, Cresol and Terpenes such as pinene and cadinene. “The percentages are 33-38% sesquiterpenes 52-64% alcohols and esters, and 3% phenols, terpenes, aldehydes, and ketones”.⁴

HISTORICAL USES ~ Perfumery and as an aphrodisiac and anti-depressant.
Ylang-Ylang or Cananga oil is used as hairdressing and constituent of perfumery including Chanel No. 5 and others. It is often mixed with pimento oil (aka Allspice oil or Pimenta dioica). Macassar oil is often made using coconut oil or palm oil or that of Schleichera oleosa (called Kusum or Malay Lac tree), combined with Ylang-ylang oil that is obtained by processing the flowers of the Ylang-ylang tree, (Cananga odorata) and other fragrant oils.

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An old fun word is an antimacassar. The Macassar oil would transfer from the man’s hair to the back of his chair and the antimacassar was developed, that is, a small cloth like a doily or tatted fabric placed over the backs or arms of chairs, or the head or cushions of a sofa, to prevent soiling of the chair. The name also refers to the cloth flap ‘collar’ on a sailor’s shirt or top, used to keep macassar oil off the uniform.

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Macassar Oil – Hair Dressing
2 oz of Macassar Oil (Schleichera oleosa) or Argan oil
up to 1-oz of Argan oil (Argan oil, Argania spinosa), or Coconut oil
2-4 Ylang flowers
up to 10 drops Ylang oil (Use fraction #1 or the Complete)
Macerate in a bain-marie (with very warm water underneath) the Macassar oil and the flowers, until the oil has taken up the scent of the flowers. This will take 1-3 hours in a warm room.
Strain and add the other oil and the essential oil.
Let it rest. Check the scent – if subtle and sweet it is okay. If too strong, add a bit of Argan/Macassar/Coconut – whichever you prefer.
If the scent is not strong enough, next time use more flowers.
—Jeanne Rose 2012

INTERESTING FACTS ~ The fruits of the Cananga odorata are not edible. When the flowers are picked at night, they are the most fragrant and the resultant essential oil is known as the “Queen of Perfumes”. It is not well-known, but Ylang-Ylang oil is used in confectionery, enhancing fruit flavors such as peach and apricot, for candy, icings and baked goods, as well as in soft drinks and chewing gum.

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OVER the years, I have written about Ylang-Ylang and compared the various fractions of the essential oil and have noted that they are becoming less intense and different both in scent and in color. I have experienced and photographed these changes. I cannot say why these changes have occurred but since writing The Aromatherapy Book in 1992, I wrote the following. “Now we come to the de-evolution of Ylang Complete – once a rich and real whole scent that was distilled from the flowers and collected from the total distillation.” In the photograph below, you can see the color change from the rich color of 1995, to less color in 2000, to ever less color from 2005 to 2010. Again, I am assuming that the big perfume houses are getting the best, or possibly the distillers are distilling too long or maybe the 1^st fraction is removed, and the balance collected; but whatever is happening, it is not good!

4 bottles of Ylang-Ylang complete from different distillation of 2000 to 2010 showing change in color of the oil — **Ylang Complete over the years 2000-2010**

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And about Ylang-Ylang Extra: “It is amazing how Ylang-Ylang Extra has changed and de-evolved over the years with possibly the same reasons happening that growers and distillers are sending the highest quality Extra to Paris for high-end perfume or the weather is changing and messing with the flowers or the distillers are not being as discriminating as they once were to separate each fraction carefully. Look at the great diversity of color (also reflected in the scent) of Ylang-Ylang Extra from 1995 to 2005 to 2010.” This continues today. You can learn from this by reading the Aromatherapy Studies Course – http:///aromatherapy.html

Ylang-Ylang extra from 3 distillations from 1995-2010 — **Ylang Extra from 3 distillations from 1995-2010**

YLANG-YLANG GENERAL PROPERTIES

Properties (by IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation or AP=application) ~ If you use Ylang-Ylang by application, it is antiseptic with the “second” and “thirds” fractions being antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and antiparasitic. If you use the oil by inhalation it is somewhat aphrodisiac, calming and acts as a nervine and a sedative, antidepressant, calmative, cardiotonic, and euphoric.

Contra-Indications & Personal Note: In my own experience, most fractions of Ylang-Ylang are not cardiotonic but an accelerator of heart rhythm. Please be extra careful with this lovely perfumery oil. Do not use on children or the elderly.

YLANG-YLANG PHYSICAL USES & HOW USED ~

Application: Add a few drops in skincare products and use to soothe the skin, ease light pain or use in perfumery. Fraction #1 has often been recommended to be added to a blend to treat scabies and mange, although I have never had the opportunity to try this.

Inhalation of Ylang-Ylang: RELAX! Ylang-Ylang is used externally for bath and body and inhaled to soothe anger, relieve, pain, for insomnia, a euphoric that serves as an aphrodisiac and to treat impotence.
Use it with Lemon oil and Lavender oil to relax your blood pressure as studies have shown that this is a very effective formula. This mixture was found to be effective in lowering systolic blood pressure and sympathetic nerve system activity. The blend was 2•2•1 (Lemon/Lavender/Ylang complete) and you can read about it here.— http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21157172

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Ingestion: Ylang-Ylang has been taken in the past for PMS, to regulate circulation, as a uterine tonic, aphrodisiac, and cardiotonic. However, I am not sure that the appropriate way to use these flowers is by the intake of the oil; the oil has devolved over the years (see Interesting Facts above) and from my own personal exploration and knowledge and my uses of over 45 years, the best way is simply by inhalation for relaxation and emotional soothing.

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Ylang-Ylang oil is distilled in four fractions, extra, first, second and third, extra and first fractions are used most often in perfume, second and third in soap fragrance. “Extra and third are the most important in trade. There is also a Ylang-Ylang absolute produced by solvent extraction. Distillation is traditionally carried out in rather small stills to avoid damaging the flowers with the weight of a heavy charge. With unusual power in its top note, the fragrance fades out very slowly and most elegantly in a long-lasting, floral-spicy and very sweet note, truly reminiscent of the fragrance of the flower.” It is so good in perfumery and used in soothing skincare and by inhalation, in dilution, it eases depression and soothes anger.

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Ylang is so soothing and nice –
it makes up in scent with its price –
Add to perfume –
romance will boom –
And you may end up married with rice.
—JeanneRose2017

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EMOTIONAL/ENERGETIC USES (AP OR IN) ~
•Inhalation: Aphrodisiac, nervousness, anti-depressant, euphoric, relieves tension, stress, irritability, and anger, cardiotonic, sedative, PMS, physical exhaustion.
•Inhalation of Ylang #1 oil as an aphrodisiac and for insomnia, to sooth aggression and very useful in a man’s product for stress.
Valerie Worwood suggests that Ylang-Ylang (fraction used unknown) be used to counteract anxiety, tension, stress and shyness among other things and then it can be used to assist self-confidence and warmth. She says the “Ylang-Ylang personality is intensely feminine”. — The Fragrant Mind, p. 398.

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DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION ~ All fractions of Ylang oil can be used with other oils and used in the diffusor. It seems especially nice to mix with Lemon and true Lavender oil to soothe the atmosphere of a room.

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BLENDING and PERFUMERY ~

https://jeanne-blog.com/gourmet-perfumery/

“The top note, the first impression of the scent as it is applied to the skin, is rather fleeting and ephemeral but richly sweet and powerful. The middle and bottom notes are most lasting, fading out slowly over the course of a day.” ⁵
• All fractions of Ylang-Ylang blend well with an enormous variety of oils and resins and scents from all parts of plants, such as the seeds (Cardamom), roots (Vetivert), stems (Lavender), flowers (Jasmin), barks (Cedrus), and herbs such as Spearmint. It would do you well to know what fraction you have and try some blends before deciding on your favorite.
Personally, because I have physical issues with my heart, I am unable to use the fractions of Ylang-Ylang called I, II, or III individually. They actually make me nauseous. So, I choose the absolute or extra in my perfumery of choice.

Photo of Ylang-Ylang flowers that the author took in 1992 — **Ylang photo of flowers from Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden**
**by Jeanne Rose, 1992**

EARTHY FLORAL ROSE PERFUME
Top Note -7 drops of Bergamot, 2 drops of Rosewood,
4 drops of Rose Geranium
Bridge Note – 1 drop of Lime SD
Heart Note – 5 drops of Jasmine, 3 drops of Rose absolute,
3 drops of Ylang Extra
Bridge Note – 2 drops of Sandalwood, 2 drops of Black Pepper
Base Note – 8 drops of Patchouli and 4 drops of Vetivert
Fixative Note – 1 drop of Musk Ambrette

LECTURES & ARTICLES OF PERFUMERY

The Pharmacy of Love was a favorite talk that I gave beginning 1992 and I spoke of the power of Ylang-Ylang and other lovely scents that can be used in perfumery and for love. “…These scents included Neroli which is an essential oil from the Bitter Orange flower, Petitgrain which is from the leaves of the Bitter Orange plus Ylang-Ylang extra, using the top grade perfume essential oil from the flowers of the tropical tree, and Jasmine flower and the Atlas Cedar from the wood of Cedrus atlantica that was used in a sacred incense to invoke the gods. These were used individually and together in various parts of the wedding ritual and vows.”²

The entire article is here http:///articles/wedding_aromatic.html

“The Wedding Ritual – Essential oil worn by the bride will serve to enhance her aromatic beauty, envelop her in an aromatic aura fit for a princess, and calm her nerves! As she prepares for the exciting day, she relaxes with regular foot soaks and massages and the regular use of aromatherapy for body care. Five drops of Peppermint or Sage oil in a foot bath soothes and relieves tired feet. Ten drops of essential oil added to an ounce of unscented lotion can be used to tend the feet, or anywhere on the body. While Peppermint and Sage are good for the feet, floral oils such as Ylang-Ylang, Lavandula angustifolia, and Neroli are inhaled provide relief from jittery nerves and tension. Aromatic baths of 3-5 drops of these essential oils are swished into the tub just before stepping in to increase the efficacy of this stress-relieving time.”²

Cananga odorata hydrosol from Waiitibotanicals.com

HYDROSOL ~ I received the above two bottles of Ylang-Ylang hydrosol in October. They were distilled at the end of August from flowers harvested in the early a.m. on the island of Kauai. Distillation started before noon and lasted for 8 hours for the steam-distillation and 4 hours for the hydro-distillation. Wai’iti Botanicals values their company as a single origin botanical purveyor and started this plant from seed.

Ylang-ylang hydrosol is quite nice as a spray on the face and body. With a wee bit (1%) of Spearmint, it will bring joy and peacefulness. Spray this combination on pillows and bed linens for sweet sleep. By itself it is a calming floral aroma; added to a toner it will help combination skin or oily skin. It can also be sprayed on the hair for a light aroma. Use it after you have shampooed and rinsed, as a spray mist, and then comb it through. I have used Ylang hydrosol myself many times and have always loved this particular hydrosol. I have also seen it listed on several websites but since no information was given about how it was produced or where or when I have chosen not to purchase.

I suggest that you too, not purchase a hydrosol unless certain key bits of information are given such as when it was produced, where it was produced, who produced it, and did they follow correct distillation and sterile procedures.

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HERBAL USES ~ If you have the opportunity to obtain fresh flowers, you can “put them in a vase at home, the fragrance can last up to a month, even until flowers themselves are totally dried and shriveled.”⁴The flowers can also be infused in oil and this oil used either as a hairdressing or in massage. And of course, the flowers can be used to perfume your bath or in your hair as a decoration.

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KEY USE ~ Sexual tonic and in perfumery

YLANG-YLANG TOMATO TALES -1

Gio Costanzo, Ylang, and Champagne – Gio is a really nice friend of mine who happens to have just become single again. Geo is just learning about essential oils and became very intrigued with them when another friend of ours mentioned that they could act as ‘aphrodisiacs.’ “HOW?” was the first question asked? “Well, you can use them to make things smell really fragrant like you can put a drop or two of Eucalyptus in your sauna to make the place smell better; you could put a drop of Ylang-Ylang in your champagne and drink it with your girlfriend; you can add essential oils to the last rinse of your laundry to make your bedding smell really sweet,” was our collective response.
Several months later I found myself on a plane with him, flying to Texas for a football game, and asked about the aphrodisiac and if he had used it.
He had grabbed hold of the Ylang-Ylang in the champagne answer but hadn’t listened to the part about “a drop” and had added something like 1-drop to each glass poured from his very expensive bottle of champagne. He told me that he and his girlfriend had spent the evening together and had several glasses each of the bubbles but didn’t much like the taste and so went to bed where they promptly fell asleep. “I didn’t like it and It didn’t work very well as an aphrodisiac, but it did work to put us to sleep”.
He also told me that I had forgotten the most important part of his story that the Ylang-ylang did not make then smell good. “I thought we were going to smell good but after drinking the champagne, we smelled so bad we couldn’t stand each other in the same bed. That was the worst part of it, and you can mention that. Jeanne what we did was put a drop in every glass of champagne until we had used up all the Ylang. We hopped into bed, started getting hot sweats and then the pungent smell came over us. It was a horrid smell and we could not wash that smell away. We slept in different rooms that night because of the smell. There went that romantic night! Also bad for me on the plane the next day. That’s the way my first experience with Ylang went.”

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YLANG-YLANG TOMATO TALES -2

Ylang Dog use

a photo of Wolfie dog in 1995 — **This is the famous Wolfie Dog in 1995**

Many who have the books of Jeanne Rose, aromatherapist and author of many books concerning herbs and aromatherapy, know the story of Sumo and Wolfie. “Several books that I have written describe many natural remedies. The story of Sumo, my son Bryan Moore’s dog who was a full-grown Akita-Shepherd cross with the face of a puppy, is a lesson in natural health care. He was run over by a car and dragged along the pavement on his right side for some distance. The injury to his rear right leg was severe including severed ligaments and tendons in a 180-degree rotation around the hock joint and torn off skin and muscles. Veterinarians recommended amputation. I (Jeanne Rose) refused to allow this and treated the dog’s wounds with diluted flowering Tea Tree hydrosol (Melaleuca linariifolia) and diluted essential oils of fresh Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and Lavender (Lavandula x intermedia var Grosso). Today there is only an almost unnoticeable scar the length of his leg and a slight limp in Sumo’s happy gait. At the same time, I used Ylang-Ylang #1 (Cananga odorata) oil in a diffuser to treat my dog, Wolfie (the beautiful blue-eyed Siberian Husky), by inhalation. She was emotionally traumatized by the terrible incident.”⁵ She also would not go outside unless attended. Ylang-Ylang #1 essential oil was added to the diffuser and Wolfie would get up and lie down nearer to the diffuser at times during the day and then go back to her bed. When Sumo came home, she was much more at ease. Wolfie was also thrown by the same car and hit her rear hip that later in life developed a spindle cell tumor. However, both dogs lived past their 16^th birthday.”.

Warning -do not trap a dog near a diffuser without a way for it to move away. Some odors are just too strong for a dog’s sensitive sense of smell.

a bottle with scent arising — **Scent Rising up**

Science article ~ Safety assessment of Ylang–Ylang (Cananga spp.) as a food ingredient
George A. Burdock, Ioana Carabin. From Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 46, issue 2, February 2008, pg. 433-445.

Abstract. Ylang–Ylang oil is used in the food industry as a flavor ingredient. It is a complex chemical mixture in the form of essential oil extracted by water or water-and-steam distillation from the fresh flowers of Cananga odorata Hook. f. & Thomson. Ylang–Ylang oil has been reported to cause dermal sensitization reactions in animals and humans, but it is unclear what constituent(s) within the essential oil comprise the offending agent(s) and whether some Ylang–Ylang oils that have had certain constituent(s) removed are any less prone to cause such allergic reactions. There is no indication in the literature that food exposure to Ylang–Ylang oil has caused allergic reactions. One subchronic inhalation toxicity study, involving Ylang–Ylang oil as part of a larger fragrance raw materials mixture, gave no indication of causing adverse effects, but the relevance to risk assessment of oral food flavoring use exposures is likely minimal. No further toxicity data for Ylang–Ylang oil have been reported. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Ylang–Ylang oil has a long history of fragrance and food flavoring use, with no indication that its estimated consumption from food flavoring use (0.0001 mg/kg/day) has led to any adverse human health effects. These data indicate that at the current level of intake as a food ingredient, Ylang–Ylang oil does not pose a health risk to humans.

References:
¹Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Volume 5, pages 267-316.
²http:///articles/wedding_aromatic.html
³ A history of Cananga (Annonaceae). IM Turner, J.F. Veldkamp. Gard.Bull.Singapore, 2009- nparks.gov.sg
⁴Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils & Hydrosols
⁵Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations.

Alpharnd@aol.com. Nadim Shaath. www.alpharnd.com
Harman, Ann. Harvest to Hydrosol
I.M. Turner and J.F. Veldkamp.A History of Cananga (Annonaceae). Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 61 (1): 189-204. 2009
Mabberley, D.J. Mabberley’s Plant Book. 2008 3rd Edition with 2014 updates. Cambridge University Press
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils & Hydrosols. /books.html
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations.

Moderation in All Things.

Be moderate in your use of essential oils as they are just not sustainable for the environment.
Be selective and more moderate in your usage.

ODOR SNAPSHOTS

Odor snapshot of YY Abs & Extra

Odor Snapshot of YY Complete & Organic Fine

Safety considerations — **Safety Considerations**

Many thanks to the companies who have wholeheartedly supported aromatherapy education and this blog with samples, essential oils, and GC/MS. Especially to EdenBotanicals.com

Photo of Ylang-Ylang flowers from Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden by Jeanne Rose 1992 — **Ylang photo of flowers from Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden by Jeanne Rose 1992**

CITRUS & MORE

Sep11

Citrus are favorite fruit trees and their essential oils perform in many formulas, therapeutics and blends — they are widely grown and healing to mind and body.

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CITRUS & ODD CITRUS

Written and Collected by Jeanne Rose – Sept. 2019

INTRODUCTION ~ There are many types of citrus that are grown all over the world. Many are very familiar and during this past year, since January 2019, I have covered all the major essential oil citrus plants, (January – Bergamot; February – Grapefruit; March – Lemon; April – Lime; May – Mandarin/tangerine; June – Neroli/Bitter Orange; July – Orange/Blood Orange; August – Petitgrain), I have missed others such as Pomelo from Vietnam, Buddha Hand, Lemonade tree, Yuzu, Kumquat and probably others. These latter do not have a strong presence in the essential oil industry. But it is time to give them a paragraph or two.

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CITRUS FAMILY ~ RUTACEAE
The citrus are in the family Rutaceae, commonly known as the rue or citrus family of flowering plants. Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large trees.

CITRUS FAMILY TIES ~
The parents of each of the types of citrus can be very confusing and if you want to have a fine time scrambling your brains look at the incestuous crosses, back crossing, mutations, aberrations, speciation events, hybrids, genetic mixings, varieties, groups or outgroups, rootstock changes and terroir effects of the many Citrus types to understand the various citrus fruits, we have now.
For example, Bergamot parentage is 3rd generation from the original citrus species with Lemon and Bitter Orange as the male and female parent but each of those are also 2^nd generation. The Grapefruit group of citrus originates from a back cross of C. paradisi with a female of C. maxima (Pomelo) and a more up-to-date Latin binomial is Citrus x aurantium. The parents of the ‘Mexican Lime are C. micrantha and C. medica and then the Mexican Lime crossed with Lemon gives the ‘Tahiti’ Lime (C. x latifolia). Neroli, Citrus x aurantium L, also called C. amara, C. aurantium ssp. Amara. It Is a cross between Citron and of C. reticulata (Mandarin) + C. maxima (Pomelo) as the female parent. Mandarin can be called Citrus reticulata var. mandarina and Tangerine can be called Citrus reticulata var. tangerina. Mandarin has also been called var. deliciosa and of course it has other names as well.

The ‘x’ in the middle of any Latin binomial simply means that the plant is a cross, probably infertile as well, and in the case of ‘Bitter Orange’, several types of Citrus were crossed to obtain this plant. There are many backcrosses in this group of Bitter Orange/Neroli.

There is a naming problem in citrus, and it is complicated by the number of edible citrus that are recognized plus the many crosses, back-crosses, rootstock clones, hybrids, species, subspecies and varieties. “The taxonomy of the citrus fruits is complicated by hybridity and apomixis (asexual reproduction in plants), with many stable hybrid lines being accorded species status, so that the number of edible species recognized in the genus Citrus L. … varies from 1 to 162”.¹Anywhere from 12 up to 162 different ones are accorded subspecies or varietal names.

Some Citrus Parentage

Citrus Family Ties ~https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Citrus_hybrids.svg

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CITRUS COUNTRIES OF ORIGINS AND HISTORY ~ There is a wide range of study of where and how the diverse group of Citrus developed or are indigenous. They are now naturalized worldwide. For instance, Guenther mentions that Lime is probably a native of the East Indian Archipelago and then brought to the Asiatic mainland and on to tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Lime was brought to Europe by the Arabs. Citron, with a primary lineage, was called ‘the fruit of Persia’ and in 327 BC, Alexander the Great defeated this area and the Greeks found Citron there under cultivation. For more extensive information on country of origin of citrus, read volume 3, of The Essential Oils by Guenther OR “Citrus edited by Giovanni Dugo and Angelo Giacomo, 2002”.

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CITRUS ENDANGERED OR NOT ~ There are so many kinds of citrus in so many parts of the world that at this time the citrus fruits, juices, cold-pressed peel oil and EO are not endangered.

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CITRUS GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT HABITAT AND GROWTH ~ Citrus is grown in tropical and subtropical areas, including various southern areas in the southern USA. They are found in sunny, warm areas throughout the world. The tree is a small evergreen tree, somewhat cold-hardy and tolerant of drought.

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CITRUS. Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods and yields ~ The leaf, flower, peel of various citrus are either cold-pressed (CP) or steam-distilled (SD) depending on the type of scent you wish. Lime peel and other citrus peels is not phototoxic when SD but is when CP. Yields are listed in the original articles on this blog.

Citrus Decorative Slice

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CITRUS CHEMISTRY

Here is probably where you want to review volume III of Guenther’s The Essential Oils because here is where you will find 359 pages discussing each of the citrus oils and the equipment used to cold-press or steam-distill them as well as their production, and various areas where these citrus oils are grown and individual articles on chemistry and background.

THE STORY OF LIMONENE ~ Chemical Components ~ Limonene

Limonene Story was edited by Hubert Marceau who is at www.phytochemia.com

“Limonene, a compound of the terpene family, is present in the distilled essential oil and in the cold-pressed oil of citrus peel [NOTE: if you are talking about the seed oils, that is something else.] But limonene is present in the cold pressed oil from the rind and in the distilled essential oil.”

There are two isomers of limonene. Each have at least 30 different names. They are most easily identified by the R or S type. 4(R)-limonene ) (+)-Limonene) and 4(S)-limonene. Alternative prefixes to label optical isomers include ‘ d ’ and ‘l’ and more commonly the symbols + and – are used.

“The limonene structure has a chiral center, and thus it can be found in nature as one of the two enantiomers mentioned above, the (R)- and (S)-limonene. The R isomer has the characteristic sweet smell of oranges while the S isomer has a more smell like a piney turpentine.”

D-limonene ((+)-limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer d-limonene is (+)-Limonene and D-LIMONENE is a colorless, clear, mobile liquid with a pleasant sweet odor as in mandarin & orange. There is the L-LIMONENE, (-)-Limonene, S)-(−)-Limonene or sinistral or left enantiomer. Lime and lemon is (S)- smells like the sour of lemons.

Limonene Right and Left

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contraindications — **Contraindications**

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CITRUS VARIETIES NOT YET DISCUSSED

BUDDHA HAND CITRUS ~ C. medica var. sarcodactylus. The fingered Buddha’s hand, is a bizarre looking citrus, an elongated fruit about 6 inches long with many vertical indentations on the peel that make this yellow-colored fruit look like a hand. It has a thick peel used to flavor distillates, liquors or the peel is candied and used in cooking and in various baked goods. It is wonderful infused in vodka to make a delicious base for a cocktail. This citrus can also be chopped and infused in neutral grape or orange spirits (https://organicalcohol.com/) and used as a citrus fixative in perfumery or in citrus accords or as a diluent for fine perfumes. The fruit is also used fresh or dried in clothing closets to fragrance clothing or stored items. (if used fresh it must be removed after a week or two or it will mold). This fruit is mostly peel and is candied and eaten or used to flavor vodka and other high alcohol beverages.

It is an ornamental tree in the garden, the fruit contains no pulp and no juice, and the zest is used in desserts, or candied as a sweet. Possession of the fruit or a tree “is believed to bring good health and to symbolize wealth. The Chinese character for “hand” (shou) sounds like that for “longevity” and so the two are associated. In resembling the classic prayer position of Buddha’s hand, the long fruit fingers connote Buddhism.”.

Buddha Hand Citrus – June 2019

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CITRON or ETROG ~ Citrus medica, one of the five pure citrus species, male parent with female Bitter Orange to produce the Lemon, is also called ‘Etrog,’ or cedrat and used on certain Jewish holidays. There are also specific names based on its various shapes. An etrog is a citron that looks mostly like a misshapen lemon but smells delicious; it is a fragrant citrus fruit, consists of a dry pulp and only a small quantity of juice. The branches and fruit are waved each day on Sukkot, except on Shabbat, in a specific manner for a variety of reasons. I do not know much about the Citron except that it is important on Jewish holidays and based from ancient studies, the citron was used mainly for medicinal purposes. It was greatly used to fight seasickness, intestinal problems, pulmonary illnesses, and other illness.

I use the Citron by taking the most fragrant part of the outer peel (flavedo or exocarp) and removing any unscented part of the albedo (white part), place in jar and cover with 95% neutral grape spirits. I imagine you could also use the 95% neutral orange spirits for a stronger odor. After a few weeks, I strain out the alcohol and either add more peel or just label the container and use it as part of the diluent of a perfume.

**Etrog photo by Jeanne Rose March 2019**

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KUMQUAT ~ Citrus japonica. This is a small fruit-bearing tree with a small large olive-shaped fruit that can be eaten when ripe, peel and all. They are native to south Asia and were introduced to Europe about 1846 by Robert Fortune. The originally given Latin name was Fortunella japonica. I am not familiar with the essential oil, but Wikipedia says, “The essential oil of the kumquat peel contains much of the aroma of the fruit and is composed principally of limonene which makes up around 93% of the total.Besides limonene and alpha-pinene (0.34%), both of which are considered monoterpenes, the oil is unusually rich (0.38% total) in sesquiterpenes such as a-bergamotene (0.21%), caryophyllene 0.18%), (bergamotene α-humulene (0.07%) and α-muurolene (0.06%), and these contribute to the spicy and woody flavor of the fruit.”

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LEMONADE TREE ~ The correct name is Citrus x limon unless it is a Mandarin or tangerine and then would be Citrus reticulata. Of course, it also could be (Citrus limon x reticulata) and this is a cross between a lemon tree and a mandarin tree that was developed in Australia but was first found in New Zealand in the 1980s. The fruit is sweet like a Mandarin but with a citrusy lemon bite like a Lemon. You can pick and eat the fruit off the tree like an Orange.

Lemonade Tree – photo courtesy of Cheryl Brighton Smith

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LIMETTA ~ Citrus limetta, alternatively considered to be a cultivar of Citrus limon, C. limon ‘Limetta’, is a species of citrus, commonly known as mousambi, musambi, sweet lime, sweet lemon, and sweet limetta, it is a member of the sweet lemons.⁵ It is a cross between the citron and a bitter Orange. In France, this variety is known as ‘a Mamelon’ that describes the nipple shape of the end of the fruit. The juice and peel are both used. A sweet lemon is not an oxymoron. Neither is it a new fancy hybrid. Persian limu shirin, Citrus limetta, is one of the oldest cultivated varieties of lemons and it tastes sweet like honey, with no hint of acidity. “The first time I bit into a slice was a shock, because I was prepared for tartness and instead my mouth was filled with sweetness. Even more beautiful was the scent of the peel that lingered on my fingers. It also smelled like no lemon I had tried before.” This is a lovely quote from January 28, 2019 by Victoria, “…The best way to enjoy sweet lemons is to make a glass of juice and drink it over ice. No sugar or any other flavorings are needed. The juice has the interesting property of turning pleasantly bitter as it oxidizes, becoming reminiscent of sweetened grapefruit juice. In France, this variety is known as ‘a Mamelon’ that aptly describes the shape of the end of the fruit. Juice & peel used ….” —January 28,2019, Essays on Flavor and Fragrance, Food & Fragrance, Perfume 101.

fruits of the Limetta — **Limetta fruit**

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POMELO ~ Citrus maxima or pamplemousse. This is another large original form of citrus that is eaten and in Vietnam, the peel is steam-distilled for the oil. When I wrote the blogpost on Grapefruit in February 2019, I only briefly mentioned the Pomelo. I was written too by (Yen Ta) and she mentioned that I had not said much about Pomelo. I knew of it and had seen the fruit in the market but had never experienced the oil. In August, I received this bottle of steam distilled EO from Vietnam via Yen Ta and am now able to discuss it. Pomelo peel SD is colorless, clear, non-viscous, of low intensity, and bitter aromatic taste. Its odor is very mildly citrus, with herbaceous afternotes. I have used it in a citrus accord as well as making some bases with it for perfumery purposes.

Pomelo rind is used to control coughs and as an expectorant. Pomelo peel extract has also been studied in mice to prevent high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders. Since it is related to Grapefruit as one of Grapefruits primary parents, it shares common furanocoumarins (because of the potential for furanocoumarins to increase the bloodstream concentration of a drug to higher than expected, it can lead to unfortunate consequences), and thus should not be taken with heart medications. Steam-distilled Pomelo peel when used externally does not cause sun toxicity.

White fleshed Pomelo is milder in acidity than the red-fleshed. Pomelo when analyzed by GCMS has been found to contain up to 62% d-limonene, anethol to 9.5% and nootketone to 5.6%. Supercritical CO₂extraction has been done on Pomelo flower and analyzed and Pomelo CO₂can be used in perfumery and other uses now being examined.

Pomelo fruit and the essential oil

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YUZU ~ Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka – it is well-known and very popular in Japan and Korea and has been in use for about 1000 years. It is used in the cuisine of Japan and in cosmetics. I have had the opportunity to taste it here (San Francisco) at various restaurants in salad dressings and in desserts. However, for people taking certain medications, one should limit their ingestion of this food.

There are many cultivars of this plant and the essential oils from the peel have been examined for at least six of the cultivars. These are acidic citrus from China that are often grown as (strong, resistant) rootstock for other citrus varieties and for its fruit. The fruits are acidic and moderately juicy with a very pleasant citrus aroma and can be used as a lemon substitute. The peel is strongly citrus and pleasantly scented and makes a good addition to blends and in perfumery. If making a Citrus scent, adding 5% of Yuzu to a base note increases the sweet-tart scent of the entire perfume. The scent is very refreshing.

Yuzu fruit in Dec. 2008 and Yuzu oil courtesy of Eden Botanicals — **Yuzu – December 2008 – Yuzu oil courtesy of Eden Botanicals**

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CITRUS OIL – ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS

Sensory characteristics of the volatile oil of citrus — •

ODOR DESCRIPTION/ AROMA ASSESSMENT ~ Citrus Notes ~ Citrus oils are used in the perfumery business to impart a fresh, sparkling note to any blend. They are usually not overpowering. They can be used in up to 25% as the base scent for classic type of eau de cologne. Citrus oils harmonize with many other essential oils and they are used in different concentrations in almost all scent blends and modern perfumes. >In combination with Lavender oil, citrus oils are the base for English Lavender which is an 1826 creation. High concentrations of citrus oils are in Chanel No. 5 (1921). Also, of importance are the citrus oils in pop drinks like Coca-Cola and others.

GENERAL PROPERTIES

Properties and Uses~ Some of the citrus oils are relaxing and most are very enlivening. They are calming but do not cause lethargy or fatigue. In general, these oils are slightly antiseptic, ease gut spasm (antispasmodic), can be slight diuretics, purifying (depurative), ease stomach aches, cholagogue (promotes the discharge of bile); and when inhaled can be calming but not exhausting; and in skin care or by external application in products have antiseptic properties.

Physical Uses & How Used ~
Application (AP) – Citrus oils go nicely into many blends that are used for skincare. It would be a top note or heart note to other aromatic oils in natural perfumery and blends well with many. In lotions and creams, they have a slight antiseptic quality as well as the aromatic livening scent.

Ingestion (IG) – Do not drink the essential oils. Drink the juice instead or dry and keep the peels for your bath and potpourri.Inhalation (IN) – Citrus oils are generally relaxing but not tiring by inhalation , especially when mixed with some of your other favorites such as Lavender, Spikenard, Jasmine, and many more.

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SKIN CARE FORMULAS are available in my 350-page Herbal Body Book that is chock-full of great skin, hair, and body care formulas. Here is one I have always enjoyed. They can add nuance to any blend or perfume.

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A CITRUS MASK BY JEANNE ROSE

The San Clemente Citrus Mask. Peel a small orange, a small Lemon, or other citrus, and mash the pulp, or else put the pulp into a blender and blend. Add enough yellow Corneal to make gritty. Apply to your clean slightly moistened face or body. Let the mask stay for a few minutes. If you have collected the juices separately, add them to steaming water and steam your face for a minute. Roll of the gritty citrus meal with your fingers for a gentle exfoliation. Rinse off the mask with tepid water or take a shower and rinse off the mask or use the gritty Citrus/Cornmeal as a scrub to also exfoliate your legs and arms. Dry and apply a citrus hydrosol spray to finish.

There are many ways to use this mask and it will leave your skin very fresh and clean. Use it when you are fatigued and to prevent aging. The San Clemente Mask reminded my husband of hot supermarkets and parking lots; so, when your feet are hot and your eyeballs feel like they are falling out of your face from the heat, apply the San Clemente Orange and you will feel better. [see p. 190 of for more].

The San Clemente Mask reminded my husband of hot supermarkets and parking lots; so, when your feet are hot and your eyeballs feel like they are falling out of your face from the heat, apply the San Clemente Orange and you will feel better . [see p. 190 of 350-page for more]

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Diffuse/Diffusion ~ You can pretty much mix and match your citrus oils any way you wish with other Mediterranean type oils or florals. Pick the effect and choose your oil. Look at the citrus blogposts already posted for many uses and blends. I have already written about Bergamot, Grapefruit, Lemon, Lime, Mandarin, Tangerine, Orange, Bitter Orange, Neroli and Petitgrain.

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Emotional/Energetic Uses (AP or IN) ~ Inhale the citrus oils to combat apathy, to stimulate appetite, to increase creativity, to improve mood, to give joy, to refresh your life. Remember them when you are depressed, exhausted and need emotional healing. All the citrus oils have a joyful sunny quality to them.

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FORMULA for Physical Use by Inhalation ~ Get your oils and using Lavender, Lemon, and YlangYlang, it was found that this aromatherapy oil combination is effective in lowering systolic blood pressure and sympathetic nerve system activity. The blend was 2-2-1 and you can read about it here. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21157172

Ylang flowers and essential oils of Lemon, Lavender and Ylang courtesy of Eden Botanicals.

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BLENDING & PERFUMERY ~ Blending with citrus oils is very easy. It is almost impossible to make a mistake. Know what you want to do, pick the correct citrus for the effect and then make a few samples to scent and try. Mix with Rosemary, Vetivert, Cloves, Caraway; or herbs, roots, flower buds and seeds. Use the charts in Chapter 1 of and The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations to make your selection of the oil and the application.

EAU DE COLOGNE

The best is made with a variety of citrus scents with added Rosemary. There are many ways to make this cologne. George W. Askinson, Dr. of Chem. in 1865, said, “Cologne water of the most superior and incomparable quality is made by dissolving the essential oils in the alcohols and then distilling it, then adding the Rosemary and Neroli to the distillate. Dissolve the aromatics in 95% neutral grape spirits — distill — add the Neroli and the Rosemary.” Effect the dilution required with Orange flower water or Rose water. Ultimately, Eau de cologne is 75% fragrant alcohol and 25% water or flower water.

Here is one recipe, and Orange spirits can be substituted at the end for some of the Grape spirits. You can adjust the ingredients up and down as you see fit.

1 quart (85-95%) Grape spirits (substitute some orange Spirits for some of the grape)
4 ml Orange peel CP
2 ml Bergamot peel CP
½ ml Bitter Orange CP
½ ml Neroli petal EO
2 ml Rosemary EO
You can also make it of Corn spirit which has a distinct aroma difference from the grape spirit. I use OrganicAlcohol.com

4 bottles of alcohol for perfumery or tincture — **4 kinds of 95% neutral spirits for perfumery or tincture**

The difference between eau de Cologne made in France or made in England is the difference in the spirit used and results in a completely different odor. Fine perfumes should only be made with freshly distilled 70-95% neutral grape spirits.

All the older perfumes were diluted down with neutral grape spirits. Originally, they were considered medicines and were taken internally by the drop. After the introduction of synthetics, around 1850, perfumes were made with chemicalized ingredients and were no longer edible. However, even today certain uplifting ‘spirits’ are sold in Europe as a tonic against seasickness, carsickness and all sorts of nausea.

“The original eau de cologne was invented in 1709 by a man named Farina who was homesick for his home country of Italy. He described the scent and said it reminded him of a spring morning with mountain daffodils and the orange blossoms after a rain.” ⁷

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HYDROSOL ~ I truly love all of the citrus hydrosols. I use them for everything. I found that a well-distilled Lemon peel hydrosol was great for itchy eyes as a wash. I have used Neroli hydrosol as a perfume, Orange hydrosol to spray my house at Christmas and so many other uses. Read the individual blogposts for using the citrus hydrosol. My favorite places to purchase citrus hydrosols is from people who live where the citrus grow and that includes LancasterCreations.com as they are an organic apothecary and community in the growing heart of California and near the ancient Sequoias of the Sierras.

**Yuzu Hydrosol by Positively Aromatic – EO**

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CITRUS LEAF DISTILLATE TOMATO TALE

In September 2019, the citrus leaves arrived. I opened them, examined the leaves and noticed they were covered with dust; the leaves were absolutely covered with whatever comes out of the sky. So, I carefully washed and cleaned every one of them by hand. Then had a good whiff and enjoyed the odor. If you want Petitgrain hydrosol you will have to get leaves ONLY from an area that is out of the pollution and somewhere where the air is clean, and the citrus is organically grown.

The only other time I have ever seen leaves so dirty and musty like this is when I was taken to an abandoned Orange grove in Los Angeles that was at the center of a confluence of interstate freeways and in the smog — my Distillation class and I picked leaves individually, washed, wiped, dried, cleaned each one before we did the distillation. When we were done, we passed the hydrosol around just for the smelling but then poured it away, back onto the ground under the trees. I know there are organic farms in the California foothills, such as the Olsen Farm, where you could pick organically grown citrus leaves that are not encrusted with pollutants. I worry about people and their children that are inhaling these pollutants every day. I hope that people think about this and take some sort of protective herbs for lungs and on the skin and do not pick and use any plant product that is not organically grown and sustainable.

Citrus leaves

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CITRUS INTERESTING INFORMATION ~

THE KEEPING QUALITIES OF CITRUS OILS

“Lemon and Orange oils even improve after a year or two of cold storage in that some of the dissolved waxes separate from the oil and may be removed easily by filtration. The resulting oils are more soluble and produce clearer extracts. Neither odor nor flavor is impaired if the oils are kept in tin-lined fully filled drums.”⁶

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ABSTRACT/SCIENTIFIC DATA: Antifungal activity of natural and modified flavonoids isolated from citrus species. By Salas, et al. … Abstract. The antifungal activity of isolated flavonoids from Citrus species, such as naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin, and enzymatically modified derivatives of these compounds, was studied on four fungi often found as food contaminants: Aspergillus parasiticus, A. flavus, Fusarium semitectum and Penicillium expansum. Although all the flavonoids showed antifungal activity, the intensity of this activity depended on the type of fungus and compound used. The hesperetin glucoside laurate strongly inhibited the mycelial growth of P. expansum, while prunin decanoate was the most inhibiting flavonoid for A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and F. semitectum. The flavonoids naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin, obtained as byproducts at low cost from the residues of the citrus industries, present an interesting option for these industries. — Food Chemistry, Vol. 124, issue 4, 15 February 2011, pages 1411-1415.

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KEY USE ~ Citrus peels, leaves, flowers are used for scent and the flesh is used for food and ritual.

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Citrus Limerick (2019)
Citrus fruit is delicious to eat
The taste is fine and cannot be beat.
Bright and sunny
Just like honey
Citrus fruit is better than meat.

Rising up

CITRUS TOMATO TALE FROM 1961-1963

Years ago, in 1961-1963, I lived in the middle of an Orange grove, in a sweet white farm-style house with high ceilings and ceiling fans, lots of windows where the breezes could blow through with the scent of oranges and citrus flowers. I lived there with my husband and my blue Great Dane dog George. George later became an important figure in my rock and roll world and was eventually photographed for the cover of an album as well as the centerpiece of a photograph that included fashion I had designed and the models wearing them including Janis Joplin. But our lives started here in the middle of a fragrant orange grove.

I had a big square white bedroom with a ceiling fan and right outside the bedroom window was a large citrus tree that had had grafted onto its trunk various varieties of citrus. This tree depending upon the season was an orange tree, lime tree, lemon tree, grapefruit tree or one other variety that I have forgotten. Part of it was always in bloom, and it always scented up the dark humid Florida nights. Those were the days of no cell phones, little to no TV, and those quiet dark nights amongst the trees and the divine scent of citrus flowers. Eating fresh citrus every day and smelling those luscious flowers in the evening was the best part of my time living in Florida. I wonder if the sweet scent still lingers and the quiet can still be found there in the night.

Eventually, George and I, jumped into my red Comet station wagon with all our belongings and made a 6-week rambling journey across the United States to come home to California and start the next phase of life in Big Sur, CA.

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References ~
¹ A classification for edible Citrus (Rutaceae) D.J. Mabberley, unknown date
²https://www.popoptiq.com/types-of-lemons/
³ Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
⁴ Employment of a new strategy for identification of lemon (Citrus limon L.) cultivars using RAPD markers. Q Mu, X Sun, G Zhong, X Wang… – African Journal, 2012 – academicjournals.org
⁵Pharmacogn Rev. 2016 Jul-Dec; 10(20): 118–122.doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.194043. Anticancer Activity of Key Lime, Citrus aurantifolia by Nithithep Narang and Wannee Jiraungkoorskul
⁶Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Volume III.Krieger. 1974
⁷http://www.cologneboutique.com/the-history-behind-eau-de-cologne/

Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose & Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 1992
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Citrus_hybrids.svg

Pomelo essential oil provided by tahaiyen@gmail.com
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, CA.
Rose, Jeanne. , San Francisco, CA 2000 from 1976. The best and most complete.
Rose, Jeanne. Kitchen Cosmetics. San Francisco, CA.

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PETITGRAIN EO & HYDROSOL

Aug15

Leaves of Orange and bottles of Petitgrain essential oil — **Petitgrain Combava, Petitgrain sur Fleur, Petitgrain Bitter and leaves. Leaves courtesy of April Leona Lancaster from California-grown citrus.**

Petitgrain — Petitgrain EO is an Essential Oil and not a species; leaves and twigs from any citrus when distilled are called Petitgrain (small fruit) and depending on terroir the scent is different. Includes formulas and recipes.

PETITGRAIN EO &. HYDROSOL
By Jeanne Rose ~ 8-17-19

PETITGRAIN EO — COMMON NAME/LATIN BINOMIAL ~ Petitgrain is the name of an essential oil and is not a plant species, it is the results of distilling the leaves and twigs of citrus and can be made from any citrus. It is particularly Petitgrain Bigarade from Citrus x aurantium, that is, the leaves and twigs of the bitter Orange. Normally, it is from Citrus x aurantium (L.) but you can also have Lemon Petitgrain, Combava petitgrain, Orange Petitgrain, Mandarin Petitgrain or any kind of petitgrain.

Family: Rutaceae (the Rutaceae are a family, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales. Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large trees.)

Petitgrain EO — Other Common Name/Naming Information ~ Originally, Petitgrain which means “small fruit” was distilled from the immature and small round green fruits of the bitter Orange and the leaves. Originally only that which was distilled in France from the true bitter Orange could be called Petitgrain but eventually when Paraguay began to produce up to 70% of the world’s supply, any citrus leaf and twig could be called petitgrain. Of course, if you distill the fruits then there will be no mature fruit to eat or preserve. So eventually, the distillation was limited to the leaves and small branchlets, but the oil is still called Petitgrain.
Blossoms of the true bitter (sour) orange tree, Citrus x aurantium Linnaeus, subsp. amara L., on being distilled yield Neroli bigarade oil. If, on the other hand, the leaves and petioles (leaf stalk) are distilled, oil and hydrosol of Petitgrain bigarade is obtained and if you cold-press the rind then it is called Bitter Orange oil.

Petitgrain EO and hydrosol is thus produced from the Bitter Orange tree after the harvest of the flowers (for Neroli); leaves and stalks are freshly picked from July to October and freshly and immediately distilled for the best product. It should be emphasized that American producers wishing to produce Petitgrain oil and hydrosol be very careful as to the citrus variety they use, time of harvesting and the type of distillation.

PETITGRAIN EO — GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT HABITAT AND GROWTH ~ Citrus is grown in tropical and subtropical areas, including various southern areas in the southern USA. They are found in sunny, warm areas throughout the world. The tree is a small evergreen tree, somewhat cold-hardy and tolerant of drought, but if it is Mandarin Petitgrain, then know that the fruit itself is very delicate and sensitive to the cold. Citrus blooms in winter months and produces small green fruits in spring while fruits ripen in fall. It grows in soil with a pH of 6 to 8. They do not, however, grow well in soils with high salt content. Leaves are harvested late June to October for distillation.

PORTION OF THE PLANT USED IN DISTILLATION, HOW DISTILLED, EXTRACTION METHODS AND YIELDS ~ Petitgrain is produced by steam distilling the leaves and small branches of certain citrus trees after the fruit is harvested. The most important of the Petitgrain oils comes from the Bitter Orange tree. Paraguay is a big producer of Petitgrain from citrus trees gone wild since 1877. Higher quality Petitgrain comes from France and Italy, sometimes Egypt and Morocco.
True Petitgrain EO and hydrosol should originate exclusively from the true bitter Orange tree. These distillations show that the oil will have a relatively high laevorotation and the presence of leaves from sweet Orange trees will result in oils of lower laevorotation, or even dextrorotation. (See Orange blog post at jeanne-blog.com)

The Petitgrain is distilled from the leaves and twiglets when the fruit is pea-sized.

The quality of Petitgrain depends on various factors:
1. The leaf material should originate exclusively from the bitter or sour Orange tree.
2. The leaf material should not contain any wooden branches, nor any small unripe fruit (despite the name and although it was the original Petitgrain).
3. The leaf material should be distilled rapidly and with direct steam that is generated in a separate boiler. The leaves must not be immersed in water, as this will cause hydrolysis of the linalyl acetate which is the most important constituent. Properly distilled the oil and hydrosol will have a high ester content.
4. The plants of Southern France bloom in May and June and these flowers used for Neroli production. While the leaves and petioles for Petitgrain are harvested from the pruning after the Neroli harvest which is from late June to October

Yields ~ are 0.25-0.5%.

PETITGRAIN COUNTRIES OF ORIGINS ~: Oil of Petitgrain was originally distilled in Paraguay and is now also distilled in Egypt, France, Italy, Morocco, USA. However, in Paraguay the plant that is distilled is a hybrid of the sweet and the bitter Orange that has gone wild and thus the oil and hydrosol is considered to be of lower quality. Main producing areas are the Mediterranean countries of Italy, Corsica, Sicily, etc. and California, Florida and South America, each of these countries produce citrus oils that are organoleptically identifiable.

Black and white photos of gathering bitter Orange leaves in 1919. From Scientific American — **Gathering Leaves**

Gathering Bitter Orange leaves in 1919. Pictures from 1919 Scientific American of the
Gathering of the leaves of the bitter-orange. For Petitgrain Scent

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EDEN BOTANICALS HARVEST LOCATION ~ Egypt and Morocco

ENDANGERED OR NOT ~ Not Currently

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ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS

**Petitgrain Oils – Oils courtesy of Alpha Research and Eden Botanicals**

Petitgrain oils. See the different colors of the oil that are available.

ODOR DESCRIPTION/ AROMA ASSESSMENT ~ Petitgrain has a strong, bitter-sweet, floral and somewhat woody odor, sometimes vegetative (not-pleasant), dry and a bit leathery. The woody smell is from the sesquiterpene alcohol, spathulenol. Aldehydes contribute to the odorous principle, even though they are in small amounts. Another important constituent is the pyrazines with their Galbanum-like green notes. It is important to mention that the trace components in Petitgrain leads to a good scent and especially in perfumery where they are important or when

the scent needs to be reconstituted. Petitgrain bigarade is used in perfumes for its refreshing, sweet-floral notes and often as a substitute for Neroli.

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Learn to Smell and Detect Odor: Limbic system is the seat of memory and learning. Smell from left nostril and then to right nostril. The right nostril (right brain-creative) is important in detecting and evaluating the intensity of odor, and this hints at a broad olfactory asymmetry and the left nostril (left brain or logical) is for smelling location or place.

First Smell and 2^nd Smell: “Lurking in the olfactory epithelium, among the mucus-exuding cells, are cells that are part of the system that innervates the face (trigeminal nerve). It is suspected that pungent and putrid molecules penetrate them, interact with their proteins, and stimulate them to fire. Thus, there are two types of olfaction: first smell, the ordinary type for specific odors, and second smell for nonspecific pungency and putridity.”

There is also left brain and right brain smell-ability. Left brain smells location (maybe via logical use of EMG waves) while right brain smells intensity. The closer you get – the more intense the odor.

Symbol of perfume rising up — **Rising Up**

[see the Circular Vocabulary of Odor© at the end for an analyses of Petitgrain sampled]

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CHEMISTRY COMPONENTS OF PETITGRAIN ~ 80% of the yield is made up of linalyl acetate and linaloöl in a proportion of 2:1. The woody smell is from the sesquiterpene alcohol, spathulenol. Aldehydes contribute to the odorous principle, even though they are in small amounts. Another important constituent is the pyrazines with their Galbanum-like green notes. It is important to mention that the trace components in Petitgrain leads to a good scent and especially in perfumery where they are important. The best Petitgrain is distilled from Bitter Orange leaves with noted laevorotation of the molecule, that lovely sour smell that is so fragrant, and not from sweet Oranges where the oil will have a dextro- (sweet) rotation and thus a different odor.

Physiochemical Properties: The quality of Petitgrain oil can be evaluated by its physicochemical properties. Here are the properties of genuine Petitgrain distilled in Southern France as outlined in Guenther’s work. …

Comparison of Main Components: The high amount of ester in the form of linalyl acetate lends the fruity odor to the oil while various amounts of the other components lend the personality to each of the different types of Petitgrain. Chemical Components are 80% made up of linalyl acetate and linaloöl in a proportion of 2:1 and limonene, dipentene, citral and others.

Linalyl Acetate chemical molecule

Solubility of Petitgrain Bigarade ~ Soluble in 2.8 to 4.5 volumes of 70% alcohol, rarely with opalescence, but often with some precipitation. — Guenther

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GENERAL PROPERTIES of PETITGRAIN

Antispasmodic, tonic and astringent

Properties and Uses of Petitgrain ~ Inhaled to ease the nervous system and soothe nerves that stimulate the muscles; used in skin care properties for excessive acne, to reduce excessive perspiration and in shampoo and soap for greasy hair and skin. It is a great toner to all body care products. Wonderful in woody or fougére perfumes.

Can be used as part of an aphid insecticide. Natural essential oils such as coriander oil and petitgrain oil may be useful in the control of foxglove aphid (A. solani). After application of these oils mortality of the pest was significant and amounted to 81.20-99.47% and 89.80-99.50%, respectively (72 hours after treatment).

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What does Jeanne Rose use this EO for? I like to take a tablespoon of unscented cleanser or oil and add 1 drop of Petitgrain EO, especially the low-intensity Petitgrain oil, such as Bigerade and mix these and apply to my skin. Then I take a warm washcloth and touch it to my face to warm the skin, and then rinse, rinse, rinse with warm water. My skin feels clean and ready for the day.

Application/ Skincare: A useful antiseptic, it kills bacteria on the skin and works well in cleansers. It can leave the skin feeling clean and reduces acne.

a Jeanne Rose Recipe for Aftershave Therapy for Men

4 drops of Lavender oil
4 drops of Bergamot
4 drops of Petitgrain
3 drops of Atlas Cedar oil
Make your synergy and succuss.
Dilute to your specifications or as follows, Add 90 drops carrier oil, lotion or alcohol to dilute to = 12% EO

Diffuse/Diffusion: Petitgrain can be diffused by itself or in any blend. It lends a tart citrus or green quality and the air feels clean. It soothes the nervous system, is antispasmodic and is inhaled for “nervous exhaustion or stress.” — 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols, p. 127

Emotional/Energetic Use: Inhaled for nervous exhaustion, fatigue or stress. Inhale to wake-up and to be more positive.

leaves of Lemon tree that yield Lemon Petitgrain with a small fruit — **Lemon Petitgrain from Lemon leaves and small fruit. photo by Jill Mulvaney**

PERFUMERY AND BLENDING ~ Petitgrain Blends Best with: Bergamot and all types of Citrus and other Petitgrain citrus, Clary Sage, Clove, Atlas Cedar, Lemon Eucalyptus, Frankincense, scented (Pelargonium) Geranium, jasmine. Juniper CO₂, Labdanum, Lavender, Oakmoss, Palmarosa, Patchouli, all types of Rose, Rosemary, Sage, and any floral, and Ylang Ylang.

BLENDING WITH A JEANNE ROSE FORMULA

See https://Jeanne-blog.com/gourmet-perfumery

Solid Tuberose Perfume Formula #2 – Jeanne Rose 2003
Another Formula is: 1/2 oz. Tuberose wax and 1/2 oz. Lavender infused Oil. Melt in a 1 oz. jar in a water bath – slowly and carefully. When the wax is melted add the following scents: 15 drops Jasmine, 15 drops Ylang extra, 15 drops Vanilla, 15 drops Petitgrain Mandarin and 3 drops Vetivert. If you have it, you can also add 3-5 drops Tuberose to bring up the caramel scent. Stir gently, let it sit until cool and solid.

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HERBAL USES OF PETITGRAIN AND LEAVES OF CITRUS ~ You make an herbal infusion of the leaves of any citrus tree for a nice relaxing herbal bath and add a few drops of Petitgrain to enhance the scent. This is always a special treat.

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Key Use: Inhale to soothe panic and use externally for clean skin; that is, inhaled for the nervous system and use in your body-care products.

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JEANNE ROSE’S “TOMATO TALES” OF PETITGRAIN

~ ORANGE FLOWER AND PETITGRAIN DISTILLATION. At the end of March 2003, I had the opportunity to distill 5 pounds of pure Orange Flowers for Sweet Neroli Hydrosol obtained from organically grown sweet naval Orange, variety Atwood. The balance of the leaves and flowers was then sent to another distiller for the Orange Flower and Petitgrain hydrosol.
The trees were grown in the foothills edging the great central valley of California near the town of Lindsay. The trees are grown organically, at 500 feet with a west exposure in full sun and the area is certified organic. The area is irrigated via the San Joaquin river. The soil is USDA Porterville cobbly clay. There is about 12 inches of rainfall per year. The harvest was on Wednesday 3/25/03 from about 15 trees. Harvest weather was overcast to full sun, about 75° F and 30% humidity. It took 3 hours for each of two persons (6 total) to fill 13 five-gallon buckets with twigs and flowers. This was transported to San Francisco and arrived on Thursday. Each tree produced about 1 bucket (3.3 lbs./bucket) of easily available twigs with flowers. This effectively gently pruned the tree of excess flowers and will leave it able to produce more and tastier Oranges.
We started with 43 pounds of twiglets that had blossoms and buds attached. It took 3-man hours (1 hour for 3 persons) to pick off the flowers and to accumulate the 5 pounds of just-opened flowers. The fragrance was sweet, intense, floral and fruity with some green back notes. The balance of the leaves and flowers (38 pounds) was sent to the larger stainless-steel unit, 1-hour north. The leaves were kept above the water and must not be immersed in water, as this will cause the hydrolysis of linalyl acetate. A 4-inch copper tube was added to the gooseneck. Two hours of distillation produced 12 gallons of hydrosol. pH began at 5, the scent being green and citrus and as the distillation continued, pH became more acid to 4.4, the scent becoming more rich, citrus and spicy. 3 ml of essential oil was produced from the 38 pounds of twigs and flowers.

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NOT ORGANIC AND IN THE SMOG ~ This is only one distillation that I experienced with citrus flowers/or leaves. Another that I did was in southern California where I was invited to an abandoned Orange grove that was left in the middle of a nexus of freeways. The citrus tree leaves were covered with dust, dirt and smog. My students and I (we were 14 in all), cut branches and sat in a circle picking off the leaves and individually dusting and then washing each leaf. It took several hours to do this. I set up my still with a screen inside to lift the leaves up and off of the boiling water and we steam-distilled the freshly cleaned leaves. Petitgrain must be steam-distilled and not hydro-distilled to prevent the hydrolysis of the linalyl acetate which is the most important constituent. Properly distilled the oil and hydrosol will have a high ester content. The smell was spectacular but since the Orange grove was located in the middle of a freeway, I cautioned everyone to smell but not use the distillate.

HYDROSOL ~ In 2003, we distilled 38 lbs. of leaves and twigs of Petitgrain hydrosol. This was a wonderful hydrosol, very fragrant and sweet. It was used in skin care products and simply as a mister. Several misting products were produced using the hydrosol. Mixed 50/50 with Spearmint hydrosol produced a very refreshing and fragrant fruity, citrus mint hydrosol. Fabulous to use. If the organic citrus farmers of central California would collect and distill leaves and twigs of their sweet Orange crop, they would have a value-added product in the way of sweet Petitgrain hydrosol.

PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol should be specifically distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh

HISTORICAL USES ~ Petitgrain is used since the 1700s in the Perfumery industry. It lends a citrus woody note to perfumes.

HISTORY & INTERESTING INFORMATION ~ “Petitgrain from Citrus aurantium: Essential Oil of Paraguay” by Daniel Gade — EcoBot 33(1), 1979, pp. 63-71

Some Petitgrain history — **Petitgrain History**

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CONTRAINDICATIONS: It is not like other citrus oils as it is steam-distilled and not cold-pressed and thus is not photosensitive. Only contraindications are if you have already sensitivities to citrus oils.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: GRAS – generally recognized as safe.

A Snapshot of Petitgrain Odor

**Mandarin Petitgrain & Paraguay Petitgrain Odor Snapshot**

Odor Snapshot of Petitgrain sur Fleur and Petitgrain Absolute

**Petitgrain Odor Snapshots of 4 kinds of Petitgrain essential oil**

Using the Advanced Vocabulary of Odor to describe the scent of Mandarin Petitgrain leaves by Jeanne Rose. For further study with Jeanne Rose and to learn the Vocabulary of Odor enroll in class, April 2020. See /calendar.html

References
Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Arctander. 1960
Gorski, R., Kania, A. Influence of coriander and petitgrain oils on the mortality of foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani Kalt.) occurring on tobacco.
Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Krieger Publishing. Florida. 1976
Harman, Ann. Harvest to Hydrosol. IAG Botanics. 2015 (supporter of testing hydrosols)
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose. San Francisco California, 1992
Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
Mojay, Gabriel. Aromatherapy for Healing the Spirit. Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press, 1999.
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, California:

Petitgrain absolute ~ lovely perfume ingredient from Eden Botanicals

Originally, Petitgrain EO, which means “small seed” was actually distilled from the immature and small, round green fruits of the Citrus trees. Of course, if you distill the fruits then there will be no mature fruit to eat or preserve. So eventually, the distillation was limited to the leaves and small branchlets, but the oil is still called Petitgrain.

Floral Floral Perfume

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Chart of current Citrus names — **Current correct Latin Names of the Citrus**

~JR~

SOME CAUTIONS TO REMEMBER

Essential Oil Safe Precautions

**Photo courtesy of Rana Sohail citrus**

ORANGE & Blood Orange EO

Jul17

Orange ~ A description of sweet Orange/Blood Orange fruit, country of origin, characteristics, Jeanne Rose skin care, formulas and recipes on how to use this famous, important oil.

20-year Collection of Orange Oil. Sweet Orange & Blood Orange

ORANGE ESSENTIAL OIL/HYDROSOL PROFILE

By Jeanne Rose ~ July 2019

ORANGE. LATIN BINOMIAL AND NAMING ~ Citrus x aurantium. In the past it was called Citrus aurantium, C. aurantium var. sinensis, C. sinensis and C. x sinensis with the ‘C’ always meaning Citrus. We are discussing the sweet Orange and Blood Orange and not the Bitter Orange that was covered in the blog-post on Neroli. The orange is a hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) as the female parent and mandarin (Citrus reticulata).

Yes, I know that this is the same exact name as is used for Clementine and Grapefruit and Bitter Orange-Neroli. But there are strict rules on naming and citrus has been examined and analyzed for parentage for quite some time.

Citrus taxonomy is confusing and often inconsistent. They are all named with Latin and common names. They often have the same parentage but have different physiologic forms or formae often based on terroir (such as Mandarin in Italy and Tangerine in the USA) or scent chemistry such as (limonene which has a chiral difference — both a left turning molecule, (S) for sinistral with the sour smell of Lemon or Bitter Orange and a right turning molecule, (R) for right hand or clockwise, the sweet smell of Oranges). This is the reason we all as lovers of essential oils and aromatherapy need to learn some chemistry along with good taxonomy.

Family – Rutaceae

ORANGE. HISTORY, DESCRIPTION, & COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN ~ The Orange is not known in the wild and is assumed to have originated in southern China, maybe India and Indochina. The sweet Orange was mentioned in Chinese history as early as 300 B.C. It was carried to the Mediterranean by traders around 1500. Blood Oranges originated in Sicily and Spain in the 18^th century and there are many varieties. Their pigment originates from anthocyanins. They often have intense sweet flavor with a hint of Raspberry.

I have always wondered whether the color was named after the fruit or was the fruit named after the color? Today I found out that the color orange was named after the fruit, not the other way around. Before then, the English-speaking world referred to the orange color as geoluhread, which literally translates to “yellow-red.” —Wikipedia

“The Color Orange Was Named After the Citrus Fruit Orange.”

Picture of oranges, Moro Blood Orange taken in February — **Moro Blood Orange in February**

General description of plant, habitat & growth ~ This is a small, evergreen tree with a deliciously sweet pulp, dark green leaves and white flowers. The sweet Orange is a hybrid between the maternal line of the Pomelo (Citrus maxima) and the Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and varieties of sweet Orange arise through mutations as the sweet Orange reproduces asexually.

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To see a chart of the five pure origin Citrus genus, please see the Mandarin Jeanne-blog post.

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Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods ~ The peel oil is either cold-pressed or steam-distilled. If it is steam-distilled it will be a lighter color and have less of the fruity citrus odor of cold-pressed Orange. Commercially, Orange oil can also be extracted from the juice during the juicing process. Sometimes sweet Orange leaves and flowers are also distilled and that is called Petitgrain and sweet Orange flower oil.

Yield ~ Orange peel oil yields up to 0.5% by cold-pressing.

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Organoleptic Characteristics of Various Orange Oil in 2019

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Orange Essence is from juice; Orange wild is from the Dominican Republic from trees that have reverted to a wild state; Orange sweet is from the United States and Blood Orange from Italy.

4 Types of Orange Oil

ORANGE ODOR DESCRIPTION ~ EO Odor is citrus, fruity and spicy. There is also an herbaceous quality to the wild Orange that would be a lovely addition in a citrus perfume. Blood Orange is very rich and more intense than the others with a better tenacity in the blend or the perfume. The odor of any Orange peel or Orange essence is dependent on its chemistry.

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“Sweet Orange peel oil is the most important of the citrus oils. It yields up to 0.5% by cold pressing. It is mainly produced in the south of Italy, Spain, Portugal, Florida and Brazil. (+)-Limonene is the main constituent of this oil and has sweet scent and taste. The aldehyde content of Sweet Orange oil is the measure of the oil. The preferred Valencia oil possesses up to 3% aldehydes. One of which is decadienal with an extremely high aroma value. Other constituents that contribute to the character and quality of Orange oil are the sinensal. x-sinensal has a high orange aroma scent and low odor threshold while b-sinensal has a metallic-fishy note that can be very objectionable.

The difference between Orange and Grapefruit oil can be as simple as the amount of (+)-valencene. When the amount of a-terpineol exceeds normal level, off-notes occur. This terpineol forms during the aging or oxidation of orange juice. (Some essential oil of Orange is indeed produced from Orange Juice). The acetates contribute to the floral notes of Orange oil.”^{1 —}also from the Blending Book.

The taste of Orange flesh and juice is determined mainly by the relative ratios of sugars and acids and its ripeness when eaten. It can be sweet, tangy, tart, deep and tasty, and combinations of all of these and this taste is reflected in the odor or it might be better to say that the odor is reflected in the taste.

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CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ~ D-Limonene (the sweet one), N-Decylic Aldehyde, Linaloöl, Terpineol, and B-Carotene. Limonene is the most abundant compound of monoterpene hydrocarbons for all the examined juices of Blood Orange, Sweet Orange, Lemon, Bergamot and Bitter Orange and with the important difference that mirror images of this molecule changes the odor and taste. In the citrus peels, Limonene, a compound of the terpene family, is present in the essential oil of citrus peel. The limonene structure has a chiral center, and thus it is found in nature as a mirror-image, two types, the (R)- and (S)-limonene. Isomer (R)- has the characteristic sweet smell of Oranges, while the (S)- smells like the sour of Lemons or bitter Orange. (R) is clockwise or right hand and (S) is counterclockwise or sinistral- left hand.

“Sweet Orange peel oil is the most important of the citrus oils. It yields up to 0.5% by cold pressing. It is mainly produced in the south of Italy, Spain, Portugal, Florida and Brazil. (+)-Limonene is the main constituent of this oil also called the (R or right-hand isomer). The aldehyde content of Sweet Orange oil is the measure of the oil. The preferred Valencia oil possesses up to 3% aldehydes. One of which is decadienal with an extremely high aroma value. Other constituents that contribute to the character and quality of Orange oil are the sinensal. X-sinensal has a high orange aroma scent and low odor threshold while b-sinensal has a metallic-fishy note that can be very objectionable.

There are many synonyms for the sweet limonene including, d-limonene, D-Limonene, (+)-Limonene, (R)-(+)-Limonene, (R)-limonene and others.

Solubility ~ Incompletely soluble in 95% alcohol up to 10 volumes. Some Orange oil is soluble in in a quarter to half that amount.

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HISTORICAL USES ~ Digestive and flavoring. “The Color Orange Was Named After the Fruit.” Today I found out orange was named after the fruit, not the fruit named after the color. Before then, the “English-speaking world referred to the orange color as geoluhread, which literally translates to ‘yellow-red’.” —Wikipedia

Sweet Orange & Blood Orange Oils – courtesy of Eden Botanicals — Sweet Orange and Blood Orange Oils — courtesy of Eden Botanicals

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INTERESTING FACTS ~ Peel pulp and fruit pulp contains vitamins, minerals, and enzymes. The peel oil does not contain vitamins – so don’t drink it. Originated in China. The oil is used for flavoring food, drink, and confectionery, Curacao type liqueurs and for flavoring cigarette paper. The Orange tree was taken to the West Coast of America by Franciscan monks, who began the cultivation of it there. The cold-pressed peel oil protects against insect damage when added to furniture polish and is used in termite eradication.

Valencia oranges have thin skins, a few seeds, and are very juicy and are considered the best for juicing.

Blood Orange is not quite as sweet as the sweet Orange. The red color comes anthocyanin, a type of flavonoid. It’s believed that this coloring was the result of a mutation between the blond oranges and of Valencia’s and Navels.

If you want to read 70 pages on the sweet Orange, blossom, oil and water, that would be volume III , pages 118-197 of The Essential Oils by Guenther. Fascinating and full of discovery.

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ORANGE PROPERTIES

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL ~ In general, the oil of Orange is slightly antiseptic, antispasmodic, a slight diuretic, sometimes a depurative (purifying), stomachic, cholagogue (promotes the discharge of bile); when inhaled is can be calming and sedating; and in skin care or by external application it has antiseptic properties.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES & HOW USED (IG OR AP) ~ Application in skin care products and for disinfection. Internally by-the-drop in orange juice, it is taken as a diuretic, for constipation, obesity, bronchitis, colds, ‘flu, and to eliminate toxins.

Physical Uses & How Used ~ Application (AP) – Orange oil goes nicely into many blends that are used for skincare. It would be a middle note to other aromatic oils and blends well with many. In lotions and creams, it has a slight antiseptic quality as well as the aromatic sunshiny scent.

Ingestion (IG) – Don’t. Drink the juice instead and dry and keep the peels for your bath.

Inhalation (IN) – Orange oil is relaxing by inhalation , especially when mixed with some of your other favorites such as Lavender, Spikenard, Jasmine, and many more.

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Skin Care Formulas are available in my 350-page Herbal Body Book that is chock-full of great skin, hair, and body care formulas. Here is one I have always enjoyed.

Corny Honey Peeler for Face or Body

Mix together 1 tablespoon each of Cornmeal and Orange flower honey. Mix these together in the palm of your hand and then apply to a steamed and cleansed face using small circular motions. When the honey is tacky, apply a thin layer of yogurt (or buttermilk will do) over the top, take a bath or shower and remove when rinsing — first with warm and then with cool water. Your skin will be smooth and bright.

sweet California Navel Oranges in February — **Sweet California Navel Oranges in February**

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EMOTIONAL PROPERTIES (AP OR IN) ~ Inhaled for nervousness and anxiety.

Emotional/Energetic Uses ~ Used by inhalation for nervous exhaustion, obsessions, to stimulate the appetite, to improve your self-image by boosting self-confidence, and assist with concentration. Orange peel oil can also be used in a blend via application (as in massage or topical use) for these emotional and energetic states.

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DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION ~ You can add Orange peel/Blood Orange to any blend for diffusion. It does two things: it is rather inexpensive and brings down the price of the entire blend and it adds the sparkly sunny Orange odor to any combination of scents. A great way to refresh the air of your home.

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EATING ORANGES ~ For starters, not only is an orange a delicious fruit to snack on whenever or daily, but its health benefits are an added perk. They contain vitamin C, fiber and potassium. Eating Oranges promotes healthier and more beautiful skin, better eyesight, reduces the chances of a stroke, assists in weight loss, and helps keep our blood vessels healthy. Eating one Orange, one Apple, one Tomato, and one Carrot every day supplies the correct types of fiber into your diet.

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HERBAL USES ~ My best suggestion for using Orange oil externally is not too. That is, use the peel itself herbally. See below. But just in case you don’t know how, here are some obvious choices.

I have been happily using Orange flowers and Orange peel for over 50 years. the sweet Orange peel is dried, cut, and added to bath herb mixtures as an aromatic and antiseptic stimulant. This peel, cut & sifted (CS), makes any bath into a pleasure. The powdered peel can be mixed with any liquid and used as a facial mask — I like it with Almond meal or powdered Oatmeal. An infusion of the peel is also helpful as an addition to your shampoo to reduce oiliness and in the herbal rinse as well. Refer to Jeanne Rose Herbal Body Book for hundreds more uses to add to your knowledge.²

The powdered peel sifted is also mixed with baking soda or other drying agents and used as an underarm deodorant. It does not stop the perspiration, but it does make it pleasant when you are out and about working and especially in the garden, this mixture is repellent to bugs.

A box made from orange peel turned inside out and a candle made from Orange peel with Olive oil. — **Orange peel box and Orange peel Olive Oil candle**

Orange peel box and Orange peel Olive oil candle

Orange Peel Box. You can also make small boxes out of the peeled flavedo (skin). Cut Orange in half, scoop out the flesh and eat that, soak the skin in water for several hours, turn skin inside out and place over a mold or copper tubing (copper kills bacteria). Let dry over the mold. Then remove. Make sure they are very dry before you polish with a silk polishing cloth and then fill the box with potpourri, snuff or jewelry, and make sure that the top fits over the bottom. My own hand-made boxes never looked quite as ‘finished’ as the ones that I purchased in the ’80s.

Orange Peel Candle. Halved, defleshed Oranges can also be made into Olive Oil lamps. Keep the inner stem intact as you remove the juicy flesh as that is your wick. Fill the peel with olive oil and light the wick. Olive oil works best because of the high burning point, if it happens to spill, the oil drowns out the flame and thus your wooden house won’t go up in flames. It probably also is wise to place the Orange on a non-burnable base like a piece of tile.

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I also use thin-skinned Oranges at the end of the season when they are pithier – somewhere around July – and I make pomanders — those medieval objects that are used to decorate the Christmas tree or to put into a bowl and fragrance the room. Yes, it is best to make pomanders in the months of July-August when you have a bit of time before the holidays and so that the pomander can cure by the time Christmas arrives. Pomanders are made with thin-skinned pithy Oranges (or whatever you have) and stuck full of Cloves very close together. As the pomander dries, the skin shrinks, the Cloves get closer together, preserves the Orange and the fragrant scent of Orange/Clove fills the air. They take a month or so to cure. They are easy but sometimes time-consuming to make.

An Orange stuck with cloves, dried and tied with a ribbon as a pomander. — **Orange and Clove Pomander Ball**
**for Scent**

HYDROSOL ~ There is not much nicer application in the morning than a spray of Orange or Blood Orange hydrosol on your face or in the air around you. It feels refreshing and sunshiny – a good morning tonic for the skin. Orange and Blood Orange hydrosol is a facial toner and can be added to thick creams to thin them and they can be incorporated into all types of body care formulas. Blood Oranges have red colored flesh and sweet, berry-like notes that extend into the hydrosol.

Orange Hydrosol Limerick
A spray with sweet Orange hydrosol
Will make you feel good and feel tall
It will sweeten your skin
And will heal your sore chin
And heal anything short of a fall…JeanneRose2014

Positively Aromatic and Lancaster Creations are my special sources for the best citrus hydrosols. And Sandra Shuff, who owns Positively Aromatic, says her husband Douglas sprays Blood Orange hydrosol onto their salads to make a very special taste and these salads are really delicious. I sometimes forget how easy it is to use hydrosols on food — ‘a simple spray and away you go’.

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HYDROSOL — PLEASE NOTE ~ A true hydrosol should be specifically distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.

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KEY USE ~ Oil of Refreshment

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BLENDING ~ Sweet Orange oil blends with just about anything. Be sure of what you have as there is also Bitter Orange Oil and wild Orange from the Dominican Republic (oranges that are not cultivated and allowed to revert to the wild state). Try the different Orange oils with these: herbal oils like Angelica root, Clary Sage, Patchouli, Spearmint, Sage, Rosemary, Marjoram, Thyme; evergreen oils such as Juniper berry, Pine, and Spruce; all the citrus oils such as Bergamot, Grapefruit, lemon, Lime, Mandarin, Petitgrain (these have all been written about in the jeanne-blog; the florals of Chamomile, Rose Geranium, Lavender, Mimosa, Rose, Jasmine, Vanilla; the spicy oils like Black Pepper, Caraway, Cardamom, Cinnamon; all the resinous oils such as Cistus/Labdanum, Spikenard [the resinous oils have also been discussed at length both specifically and in general (see https://jeanne-blog.com/resin-resinoids-gums-eo/)]; and with the many CO₂extracts that can be used in blends , skin care and perfumery.

Arctander who wrote Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin, mentions that Orange oil is used “as an odor-masking agent, … In perfumes, old-fashioned eau de colognes, fern perfumes, Chypres, “fruity” and citrus perfumes.” Just remember that Orange is not very tenacious in a perfume and in a few weeks can get lost and the perfume scent will change.

Citrus Scent Notes ~ Citrus oils are used in the perfumery business to impart a fresh, sparkling note to any blend. They are usually not overpowering. They can be used in up to 25% as the base for classic type of eau de cologne. Citrus oils harmonize with many other essential oils and they are used in different concentrations in almost all scent blends and modern perfumes.

In combination with Lavender oil, citrus oils are the basis for English Lavender, which is an 1826 creation. High concentrations of citrus oils are in Chanel No. 5 (1921). Also, of importance are the citrus oils in pop drinks like Coca-Cola and others.

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PERFUMERY ~ Orange peel oil has much use in perfumery. Here is a formula from 1867.

Eau De Portugal
Neutral Grape Spirits at least 60 % …. 1 quart
Orange Peel zest oil … ½ oz
Bergamot Peel Oil … ¼ oz
Rose otto oil … ½ dram (2 ml)
Rinse all your cologne bottles with the spirits before filling with the Eau de Portugal.
— The Art of Perfumery by Piesse

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sweet Orange essential oil

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A SCIENCE ARTICLE ..— NUTRITIVE AND MEDICINAL VALUE OF CITRUS FRUITS by Milind S. Ladaniya, in Citrus Fruit, 2008 “ ….. ….. Organic acids present in citrus fruits, such as citric acid, malic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, and malonic acid also provide calories, and are easily metabolized as they are the part of metabolic pathways in the human body. Citrus fruits do not increase the body’s acid content. These acids are very mild compared to the hydrochloric acid present in stomach. Most of the acids are present in the form of salts of potassium (with K or Na cation). Sodium and potassium are alkaline metals; their salts are excreted by the body in the form of sweat or urine. …..”

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References:

¹Ohloff, Günther. Scent and Fragrances, The Fascination of Odors. Springer-Verlag.
²Rose, Jeanne. . /books.html
Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Elizabeth, NJ. 1960
Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Krieger Publishing Company, FL. 1974. Guenther treatise on Orange Oil covers almost …….80 pages and should be read by anyone who truly has an interest in essential oils in general and Orange oil.
Harman, Ann. Harvest to Hydrosol, 1^st edition, 2015, IAG Botanics
Mabberley, D.J., Mabberley’s Plant Book, 2008 3rd Edition 2014 updates, Cambridge University Press
Ladaniya, Milind S. • NUTRITIVE AND MEDICINAL VALUE OF CITRUS FRUITS. Citrus Fruit, 2008
Piesse, G.W. Septimus. The Art of Perfumery and the Methods of Obtaining Odors from Plants. PA. 1867.
Rawlinson, Gloria. The Perfume Vendor. Hutchinson & Co. 1937.
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols.
Rose, Jeanne. The Blending Class Booklet. Available from the author at /books.html
Rose, Jeanne. Natural Botanical Perfumery. Available from the author at /
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations.
www.EdenBotanicals.com. 2019

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Current Names for Citrus

Orange flowers

Scent Rising up

Scent Rising Up

NEROLI Oil/Hydrosol

Jun18

NEROLI. Essential Oil/Hydrosol Profile

By Jeanne Rose ~ June 2019

Neroli. ~ A description of Bitter Orange/Neroli flower, country of origin, characteristics, Jeanne Rose skin care, formulas and recipes on how to use this famous, important oil

6 different Neroli oils — **Pretty Neroli oil — hydro-steam distilled – Eden Botanicals Essential Oil**

Neroli. Common Name/Latin Binomial ~ Citrus x aurantium L, also called C. amara, C. aurantium ssp. Amara, C. iyo. It Is a cross between Citron and of C. reticulata (Mandarin) + C. maxima (Pomelo) as the female parent. The ‘x’ in the middle of any Latin binomial simply means that the plant is a cross and in this case several types of Citrus were crossed to eventually become “Bitter Orange”. There are many backcrosses in this group of Bitter Orange/Neroli.
To see a chart of the five pure origin Citrus genus, please see the Mandarin Jeanne-blog post.

Family ~ Rutaceae, the Citrus family

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Neroli Limerick
There is a citrus flower Neroi
It is grown in the Garden Filoli
It rings all my bells
With such heavenly smells
And sure, makes me feel all holy! … JeanneRose2012

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Neroli. History & Countries of Origin ~ Native to Europe and Siberia naturalized worldwide.

It seems that the bitter or sour orange is a native of China in the southeastern part of Asia. From there it spread out to India and Iran. The Romans did not know it and it was introduced to the Mediterranean area around 1000 A.D. by the Arabs and this bitter Orange was the only one known for about 500 years. Did those expert distillers and alchemists, the Moors, distill bitter Orange to get the water or the essential oil? We don’t know. The lovely Neroli oil was first mentioned by J.B. della Porta in 1563 for the Princess of Neroli.

Neroli Naming History ~ Who is Neroli? “By the end of the 17th century, Anne Marie Orsini, the princess of Nerola, Italy, introduced the essence of bitter Orange tree as a fashionable fragrance by using it to perfume her gloves and her bath. Since then, the term “neroli” has been used to describe this essence.”

a bitter orange flower blossom — **Bitter Orange flower**

Neroli. Bitter Orange. General description of plant, habitat & growth ~ The bitter Orange tree that produces Neroli essential oil is very close in appearance to the sweet Orange. However, they may look similar but the fruit they produce is different. Bitter Orange produces a bitter flesh and pungent sweet essential oil (called Neroli) while sweet Orange has a sweet flesh and markedly different essential oil (called sweet Orange oil). This orange is used as a rootstock in groves of sweet orange and if the sweet Orange can go wild, the bitter Orange rootstock will often take over and the subsequent fruit will be sour and the flowers sweet like Neroli. The tree has a long-life span, up to 100 years. They are propagated by seed and/or grafting onto a disease-resistant rootstock; the young trees are planted out in April-May; they are well taken care of throughout their life and early evening or nighttime irrigation is most important in the early years to set good roots. The flowers are harvested from late April to June when the buds just begin to open and in their early years were done according to herbal principals, “harvest in the morning when the dew is dry but before the sun is high”. Now harvesting often goes on until noon particularly on warm sunny days. If the flowers are picked when closed, the odor of the oil is ‘green’, but these yield a strong Neroli water.

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Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods & yield ~ Bud blossoms of the true bitter (sour) orange tree, Citrus x aurantium Linnaeus, (subsp. Amara) L., on being distilled yield Neroli bigarade oil. If, on the other hand, the leaves and petioles (leaf stalk) are distilled, oil and hydrosol of Petitgrain Bigarade is obtained. Flowers of Bitter orange must not be mixed with the flowers of sweet Orange as the properties , specific gravity and chemistry are different.

THE flowers are harvested from March to May and hydro-distilled for the Neroli oil and hydrosol. > The flowers are hydro-distilled not steam-distilled and must float freely in the distillation waters (just like Roses and Ylang-Ylang).

In North Africa, the bulk of the flower harvest is hydro-distilled, and the balance extracted with volatile solvents which yields concrete and absolute of orange flowers as well as a floral wax.

Neroli floral wax

YIELD ~ 850 kg of carefully picked Orange flowers yields 1 kg of Neroli oil after steam distillation. Or 1 kg of Orange blossoms yields about 1 g. of Neroli oil and this oil is affected by the atmospheric conditions when it is distilled. The small, white, waxy flowers from the citrus tree are hydro-steam distilled.
Yield: 0.8-1.0%.

2003 . Jeanne Rose Harvesting Orange flowers — 2003. Harvesting Neroli flowers near Fresno at Olsen Organic Farm

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Neroli Oil . ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS

Organoleptic characteristics of 4 neroli oils compared — **4 Neroli oils compared**

Neroli Odor Description ~ Neroli has a refreshing and distinctive, strong floral aroma with powdery and aldehydic notes, very fresh with a warm base note that resembles freshly dried hay. Because of the high price of Neroli it is ever more frequently diluted or adulterated with aromatic isolates, and synthetic odors or with Petitgrain. It can somewhat resemble Petitgrain in its odor as often Petitgrain is used to adulterate Neroli oil. (see Odor Snapshots at the end of the article).

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CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ~ Neroli contains l-linalyl acetate and l-linalool as well as nerolidol and indole. Ocimenes, limonene, linaloöl and linalyl acetate are higher in Neroli than Petitgrain. Indole which possesses a powerful exotic floral note at high dilution and a somewhat “fresh breast-fed baby shit odor” when not diluted separates and differentiates Neroli from Petitgrain. This indole odor is sometimes very prevalent in the Neroli hydrosol. Methoxypyrazine contributes to a green character, which also is the interesting green note in Galbanum and Green Peppers. Nootkatone is not present in either Petitgrain or in Neroli.

In the citrus peels, Limonene, a compound of the terpene family, is present in the essential oil of citrus peel. The limonene structure has a chiral center, and thus it is found in nature as a mirror-image, two enantiomers the (R)- and (S)-limonene. Isomer (R)- has the characteristic sweet smell of oranges, while the (S)- smells like the sour of lemons or bitter Orange. (R) is clockwise or right hand and (S) is counterclockwise or sinistral- left hand.

Solubility ~ The essential oil is soluble in 1-2 volumes of 80% alcohol and gets hazy to turbid if you add more.

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HISTORICAL USES ~ This tree, Citrus x aurantium, the bitter orange tree produces three different essential oils and a precious hydrosol. Bitter Orange oil comes from the peel of the ripe fruit, Petitgrain oil is distilled from the leaves and twigs, and Neroli oil is hydro-distilled from the flowers of the tree and the precious orange-flower water or Neroli hydrosol is the water of the distillation.

The bitter peel is preserved in sugar and eaten as a sweet with coffee.

Bitter Orange Peel in a jar used as a sweet — **Bitter Orange Peel as a sweet**

The famous eau de cologne was made by Italian perfumer J.M. Farina of Cologne, Germany, who created a blend of essential oils inspired by the princess of Nerola. The blend included Bergamot, Lemon, Bitter Bigarade, Neroli and Rosemary. Cologne water of the most superior and incomparable quality is made by first dissolving the essential oils in the alcohols and then distilling it, then adding the Rosemary and Neroli (water) to the distillate.

INTERESTING FACTS ~ “Neroli was employed as a scent by the prostitutes of Madrid, so they would be recognized by its aroma. On the other hand, the blossoms were worn as a bridal headdress and carried as a bouquet, symbolizing purity and virginity. Together with Lavender, Bergamot, Lemon, and Rosemary oils, Neroli was a key constituent of the classic toilet water eau-de-Cologne” Aromatherapy for Healing the Spirit, p.100.

• Fine perfumes can only be made with freshly distilled 70-95% neutral grape spirits. All the older perfumes were diluted down with neutral grape spirits. Originally, they were considered medicines and were taken internally by the drop. After the introduction of synthetics, around 1850, perfumes were made with chemicalized ingredients and were no longer edible. However, even today certain uplifting ‘spirits’ are sold in Europe as a tonic against seasickness, carsickness and all sorts of nausea.

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Neroli so special and sweet
It doesn’t smell like a beet
When I’m nervous or sad
And don’t want to feel bad
I diffuse it and jump to my feet. —jeannerose

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NEROLI PROPERTIES

The properties of Neroli include a quieting calming sedative effect upon inhalation, adding the hydrosol in coffee is calming to the caffeine feeling upon ingestion and the EO used externally in skin-care products is used to soften or as skin-healing scar-reducing tonic use.

Neroli ~ Physical Uses & How used

Application: On hemorrhoids, in skin care, in perfumery. It is especially useful in skin-care products for acne, anti-aging with Galbanum and Elemi, and applied for under-eye circles. The Neroli floral wax is added to creams where it aids in blocking, removing harmful UV rays, has antioxidant properties, is calming and soothing to the skin, helps eliminate dead skin cells, helps reduce the look of fine lines and wrinkles, softens skin, tones and soothes sensitive skin and it contains carotenoids and is rich in Vitamin E. Use this floral wax in skin care products such as lotions, creams, sunscreen, balms and for all your anti-aging formulas. There are 1250 flowers = 1 gram of wax.

Ingestion: Take a scant drop in your tea for Insomnia, or for diarrhea. Put a scant drop in a bottle of champagne as an aphrodisiac. Neroli water is used for nervous dyspepsia, abdominal spasm, and colic. Neroli water is good for cranky children when mixed with Orange honey and warm water and drunk.

Inhalation: The oil is inhaled for fatigue, birthing, palpitations, and cardiac spasms.

Neroli ~ Emotional Uses
Application: Apply in a balm on the wrists or back of neck for nervous depression

Inhalation: Inhale the scent for depression, or as a mild sedative that is both joyous and uplifting. It is stabilizing and grounding, soothing, calming and sedating and can alleviate insomnia, PMS, and soothe fever.

Neroli ~ Energetic Uses
Inhalation: It is used for shock, grief, and depression. It is used in blends to increase concentration, to ease the pain of emotional abuse, to ease shocking news, with Frankincense at the death of a loved one, for manic depression of fear of personal change and feelings, for loneliness and grief. The essential oil is truly a friend of the fearful and depressed.

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DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION ~ May be diffused in a child’s room for reducing a temper tantrum, relaxing and assisting in sleep or a ½ teaspoon of the Neroli hydrosol given for insomnia.

all parts of the Bitter Orange with essential oils and hydrosol — **All the parts of the bitter Orange – EO and Hydrosol**

HYDROSOL (Orange Flower WATER) & BITTER ORANGE PEEL Uses ) ~ Neroli hydrosol/water is one of the most important herbal products used in the Middle Eastern world. True Neroli hydrosol is used in Spain and Tunisia in foods as a flavoring agent particularly in baked goods, confectionary and in drinks and it is the hydrosol that is taken for insomnia. The bitter Orange peel is also used as a sweet in Greece and Turkey and is a delicious addition to a variety of desserts such as ice-cream.

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Jeanne Rose distilling Orange flowers — JeanneRose distilling Orange flowers at Olsen Organic Farm – 2003

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NEROLI DISTILLATION TALE

NEROLI HYDROSOL ~ In March 2003, I had the opportunity to distill 5 pounds of organic Orange flowers for sweet Neroli Hydrosol obtained from a sweet naval Orange, variety Atwood in Lindsay, CA. from the Olsen Organic Farm. The balance of the leaves and flowers that we picked was then sent to anther distiller for the Orange Flower and Petitgrain hydrosol. As follows.

The trees were grown in the foothills edging the great central valley of California near the town of Lindsay. The trees are grown organically, at 500 feet with a west exposure in full sun and the area is certified organic. The area is irrigated via the San Joaquin River. The soil is USDA Porterville cobbly clay. There is about 12 inches of rainfall per year. The harvest was on Wednesday 3/25/03 from about 15 trees. Harvest weather was overcast to full sun, about 75°F with 30% humidity. It took 6 hours for two persons to fill 13 five-gallon buckets with twigs and flowers. This was transported to San Francisco and arrived on Thursday. Each tree produced about 1 bucket (3.3 lbs./bucket) of easily available twigs with flowers. This effectively gently pruned the tree of excess flowers and will leave it able to produce more and tastier Oranges.

At the farm on the following Saturday, we started with 43 pounds of twiglets that had blossoms and buds attached. It took 3-man hours (1 hour for 3 persons) to pick off the flowers and to accumulate the 5 pounds of just-opened flowers. The fragrance was sweet, intense, floral and fruity with some green back notes. We assembled the 25-liter copper alembic still and loaded it at 2 pm with 5 lbs. of morning picked flowers and 3 gallons of spring water. The flowers were kept above the bottom of the pot with a grid and freely floating in the boiling water. Distillation ran very well, and the distillate began to run at about 2:15 p.m. We continued the distillation until 5:45 pm at which time 1.5 gallons of Orange flower hydrosol had been accumulated. The pH changed from 6.1 at 2:25 pm to 5.3 at 2:45 pm and continued at 5.3 until the end. The heads (scent) had an odor of fruit, green and floral, the body (scent) was floral, fruity and citrus. Distillation was discontinued when the odor began to get green with no floral or citrus notes.

The balance of the leaves and flowers (38 pounds) that had been picked was sent to the larger stainless-steel unit, 1-hour north. A 4-inch copper tube was added to the gooseneck. Two hours of distillation produced 12 gallons of hydrosol. pH began at 5, the scent being green and citrus and as the distillation continued, pH became more acid to 4.4, the scent becoming more rich, citrus and spicy. 3 ml of essential oil was produced from the 38 pounds of twigs and flowers.

Neroli Hydrosol Use – 2003. This was a wonderful hydrosol, very fragrant and sweet. It was used in skin care products and simply as a mister. Several misting products were produced using the hydrosol. Mixed 50/50 with Spearmint hydrosol produced a very refreshing and fragrant fruity, citrus mint hydrosol. Fabulous…oh how I wish I had some now.f

There are many Neroli hydrosol/Orange flower water products on the market. Many are available in your nearby liquor/bottle store as an addition to beverages. Others are available through your herbal/aromatic stores.

photo of Neroli Hydrosol courtesy of Nature’s Gift

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In the book, Harvest to Hydrosol, is a GC-MS of a Neroli from Canada, 2013, that shows sorbic acid -a natural preservative, and a large amount of a-terpineol and an even larger amount of linalool. What I found most interesting however, was a tiny amount of the unpleasant greasy smelling aldehyde nonanal and may be what makes Neroli excellent for perfumery but not in a deodorant.

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Key Use ~ Neroli is inhaled for depression and fatigue and used extensively in fine perfumery and the hydrosol taken for insomnia.

Rising Up

Neroli. Blending & Perfumery Formulas

Read the Perfumery blog to understand some of the nuances of Perfumery.

BLENDING ~Neroli blends well with just about any oil and especially with other citrus such as Grapefruit and Bergamot; and deeply floral odors such as Champaca, Osmanthus; with woody odors such as all the different Sandalwoods or Tonka bean; seed odors such as Coriander; spicy odors like Cardamom, Nutmeg and Styrax; the resin odors of Frankincense, Galbanum, Balsam of Peru/Tolu;

Neroli is one of the classic ingredients in Eaux de Cologne.

1^st Method: “Cologne water of the most superior and incomparable quality is made by dissolving the essential oils in the alcohols* and then distilling it, then adding the Rosemary oil and Neroli oil to the distillate. The classic eau de cologne contained Bergamot, Lemon, Bitter Bigarade + grape alcohol, Neroli water and either Rosemary hydrosol or Neroli essential oil.”
*This refers only to neutral grape spirits

2^nd Method: Dissolve the aromatics in 95% neutral grape spirits — distill — add the Neroli and the Rosemary. Effect the dilution required with Orange flower water or Rose water by adding up to 8-10 quarts or if the original formula is divided by 10 use 3-4 cups of the floral water.

It is not the number of oils that determines the fineness of a perfume, but the manner in which certain odors are combined — George Askinson

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Maia’s FLORAL-WOODY SCENT
TOP – Neroli 5 – 10 drop
HEART – Rose Bourbonia 10 drops
BASE – Sandalwood Hawaiian 10 drops
Diluent – Cane Alcohol 50 drops

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BROWN SUGAR FORMULA. The essence of brown sugar; sweet and fortifying, uplifting and refreshing. Use as an inhalant or in blends — aftershave, astringent tonics, face wash or a sweet massage.

Smell brown sugar first to establish the scent in your mind and then start blending. Mix together, Lemon, Neroli, Patchouli, Tangerine. Mix these basic scents together in the combination that will most resemble brown sugar.

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FLORAL-FLORAL PERFUME – 9/25/13 (JR)

(the numbers are in drops, by volume not weight)

Top Note – 20 of Lavender abs + 20 of Neroli absolute
bridge to heart note – 2 of Bergamot
Heart Note – 10 of Champaca + 5 of Orange + 20 of Jasmine abs
bridge to the base note – 1 of Cardamom
Base Note – 6 of Patchouli + 6 of Spikenard
Fixative Note of Ambergris (1•100) Make a dilution first and use 1-drop of the Ambergris dilution
To Finish – Add 100-200 drops of grape spirits to dilute. You want the perfume at 25-50%

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NEROLI. JEANNE ROSE EXPERIENCE WITH THIS SCENT.
Here is a lovely Perfume with Amber essence that I call

Perfume Formula called 'My Love — **“My Love” Perfume Formula**

To make this lovely perfume, mix each note separately and let them age for a week. After a week mix the main notes together and then let that age. Then in the 3^rd week, start adding the bridge — all of it or part of it, however you like. Now let that age again. Then add an equal amount of carrier (200 drops). I prefer neutral grape spirits, but you can use a carrier oil if you wish. It just makes a different smelling perfume. Age again and then finally after a month or 5 weeks you will have a fabulous perfume at 50%. You may wish to dilute to 25%.

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a single blosssom

NEROLI • A Favorite Tomato Tale from 1994

At the age of seven, Gloria Rawlinson (1918–1995), the poet, was afflicted with polio. She had been born in Tonga and raised in New Zealand. She was hospitalized for four years as a result of the polio and was bedridden or confined to a wheelchair for the rest of her life. She became a poet of significant achievement, eventually to be crowned the “the child poet of New Zealand” and later to become a biographer of other significant authors. She wrote the Perfume Vendor in 1935, a book of poems heavily influenced with the exotic scents of Tonga and New Zealand. I heard of this talented poet towards the end of her life, about 1990 and was given her book as a gift by a friend. The book is fantastical, child-like, original and a lovely fragrant read. I included her poem of the same name, The Perfume Vendor” in my own book called The Aromatherapy Book that was published in 1992. Around this time, maybe 1993, I was invited to a formal event at the New Zealand Embassy here in San Francisco where I met the Consul General. I had wanted to write a thank-you note to Gloria Rawlinson for the hours of enjoyable reading and I mentioned this to him. We spoke for a moment and he said he would see if her address was available. Several days after the event, I received Ms. Rawlinson address in the mail and promptly wrote her a letter. I am hoping that she received the letter and knew that there were still fans of hers in the United States. She had suffered ill-health for years and died in 1995.

Here is a small part of a poem from the Perfume Vendor …

OH! My place is taken I see—
The other vendors envy me,
The perfume-merchant, Neroli. …..
I am come home
To my scent bazaar,
With the rhizome
Of Iris florentina,
(You call it orris-root)—
Gum-resins, myrrh, opopanax,
Tolu, and sandal-wood, storax
And fifteen ounces of oil of cedar to boot— ……
“Ben Neroli—Ben Neroli—
Will you please allow me?
To dip
My little finger-tip
In the Jasmine bowl?”

Neroli flower

SCIENCE ARTICLE: NEROLI – PAIN REDUCING. J. Nat Med.. 2015 Jul;69(3):324-31. doi: 10.1007/s11418-015-0896-6. Epub 2015 Mar 12.Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Citrus aurantium L. blossoms essential oil (neroli): involvement of the nitric oxide/cyclic-guanosine monophosphate pathway.

Abstract. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Citrus aurantium L. blossoms essential oil (neroli) were investigated in mice and rats. The analgesic activity of neroli was assessed … while acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects were investigated …. Neroli significantly decreased the number of acetic acid-induced writhes in mice compared to animals that received vehicle only. Also, it exhibited a central analgesic effect, as evidenced by a significant increase in reaction time in the hot plate method. The oil also significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. …. Neroli was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and twenty-three constituents, representing 91.0 % of the oil, were identified. The major components of neroli were characterized as linalool (28.5 %), linalyl acetate (19.6 %), nerolidol (9.1 %), E,E-farnesol (9.1 %), α-terpineol (4.9 %), and limonene (4.6 %), which might be responsible for these observed activities. The results suggest that neroli possesses biologically active constituent(s) that have significant activity against acute and especially chronic inflammation and have central and peripheral antinociceptive effects which support the ethnomedicinal claims of the use of the plant in the management of pain and inflammation.

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References:
Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Krieger Publishing Company, FL. 1974
Harman, Ann. Harvest to Hydrosol, 1^st edition, 2015, IAG Botanics
]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25762161
Mabberley, D.J., Mabberley’s Plant Book, 2008 3rd Edition 2014 updates, Cambridge University Press
Ohloff, Günther. Scent and Fragrances, The Fascination of Odors. Springer-Verlag.
Rawlinson, Gloria. The Perfume Vendor. Hutchinson & Co. 1937.
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols.
Rose, Jeanne. Natural Botanical Perfumery. Available from the author at /

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Odor snapshots of 2 types of Neroli flower oil from Eden Botanicals.

2 Odor snapshots of Neroli flower oil from Sicily and Egypt — •

Orange flowers – 2003

GOURMET PERFUMERY

MANDARIN/TANGERINE

May26

Mandarin/Clementine/Tangerine

By Jeanne Rose ~ May 2019

Synopsis – Mandarin, Clementine, Tangerine Oil and the Plant ~ A complete description of this part of the Citrus family with familial ties, country of origin, characteristics, body care, skin care, formulas and recipes on how to use this oil.

**Mandarin, Hydrosol & the oils of Mandarin, Tangerine, Clementine**

LATIN BINOMIAL/BOTANICAL ~ Mandarin and Tangerine, both are Citrus reticulata Blanco var. either Mandarin or Tangerine while Clementine is considered Citrus x reticulata var. Clementine.

There is a naming problem in citrus, and it is complicated by the number of edible citrus that are recognized plus the many crosses, back-crosses, rootstock clones, hybrids, species, subspecies and varieties. Anywhere from 12 up to 162 different ones are accorded subspecies or varietal names. Mandarin can be called Citrus reticulata var. mandarina and Tangerine can be called Citrus reticulata var. tangerina. Mandarin has also been called var. deliciosa and of course it has other names as well.

But as Mabberley says of citrus, “… the morphological distinctions are slight and much of the commercially significant striking degustatory distinction rests on a subtlety, the presence and relative proportions of the two stereoisomers of limonene, one of which is bitter (as in lemon), the other sweet (as in mandarin), resulting in the differing tastes of the flesh and juice.”

FIVE PURE ORIGIN CITRUS GENUS

2015 current citrus names — **Examples of hybrid *Citrus*, showing their derivation from the pure founder species,** **from analogous chart in Curk et al, 2016, with addition from Swingle’s original limequat report.**
**— Author Agricolae**

Family – Rutaceae

Naming: Essential Oil Profile – All tangerines are mandarins, but not all mandarins are tangerines generally a difference of terroir. A Tangerine is a cultivar of the Mandarin, Citrus reticulata and despite the common name, it is just a different variety of mandarin.

“Asian art, especially from China and India, often features the Mandarin crowned with thin, green leaves and clinging delicately from a willowy tree. Mandarins are noted for loose skin, often referred to as “kid glove” because it’s soft and easy to peel, the mandarin that we know is juicy and somewhat tart with seeds. The height of the winter season finds an abundance of mandarins in the markets, often sitting next to tangerines.”¹

All citrus is native to Asia, the Philippines and India, and it found its way from the art easel and the orchards across the Eur-Asian continent to Europe and then to the United States.

Tangerines, Clementine’s and Satsumas are three varieties of the mandarin orange and the most popular. Because the Mandarin orange can easily be crossed with other citrus, varieties pop up in differing climates (terroir) around the world. Growing seasons also differ, with some Tangerine harvests coming in through June.

Countries of Origin of Essential Oil ~ Good quality Mandarin oil comes from Italy, Clementine oil from Italy and the United States and Tangerine oil from the USA.

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Olsen Organics Clementine and K&J Orchards Mandarin

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT, HABITAT & GROWTH

Mandarin and Tangerine are from a fruit producing evergreen shrub with dark-green glossy leaves and fragrant flowers.

Mandarin, Citrus reticulata (syn. C. nobilis) (Rutaceae). “The Mandarin tree comes from southern China (a mandarin was a Chinese government official attired in a yellow dress). Today, the Mandarin fruit is mostly known as the seed-less, loosely peeled variety sometimes called Clementine, created by Pierre Clément in a lucky crossing experiment around 1900 when he was a leader of the agricultural school in Oran in Algeria.” ²

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“Mandarin groves are well-known in Sicily and are scattered throughout the provinces of Messina, Catania, and Palermo Mandarin oil is made by collecting the fruit peel and cold-pressing.

Green Mandarin (not ripe) is harvested from February through May; yellow Mandarin (not fully ripe) is harvested during October and November and fully ripe red Mandarin from December to January.

Tangerine, Citrus reticulata, “Dancy Tangerine is direct from an established manufacturer (since 1985) in Florida with access to some of the freshest fruit available.”³ The largest plantings come from Florida.

The first American tangerine was introduced to the market by the legendary citrus grower Col. Adam Dancy in 1867-1868. This acidic, richly flavored fruit immediately established a new category of citrus product in the United States – less tart than an orange, more complex and brighter than a Pomelo, and not oversweet like the Chinese Sweet Orange then in fashion.⁴

The Tangerine is just a variety of Mandarin orange and is often confused with the Clementine. They are both very close in taste and appearance but are not precisely the same fruit. Tangerines are a tropical fruit and are grown in USA climate zones 8 to 11. Standard trees that are planted outdoors will reach a height between 10 and 15 feet. Plant it where it is sunny and warm in good soil. As they grow the tree branches may bow down and there may be wart-like growths on the trunk. As with many citrus they may be grown on a different rootstock. Ripe and ready to pick February to April — the harvest season is dependent on terroir and may be different in different areas.

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Clementine, Citrus x reticulata, a popular stocking stuffer during the Christmas holiday are the smallest member of this group. The honey-sweet, seedless Clementine is the most eater-friendly of the Mandarin orange types and is a subgroup of the Tangerine. Tangerine vs. Clementine qualities include a thin skin on the Clementine that is tighter than a Tangerine but so easy to peel that a child can do it. They are harvested from February to April depending on the area.

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The differences between mandarin and tangerine cannot be explained by the differences in the way the oil is expressed because often identical methods are used…. “The soil, climatic and cultural conditions (terroir) prevailing in the various producing sections …have a certain, perhaps a fundamental, influence upon the chemical composition and, therefore, upon the physicochemical properties of the oils.”⁵

Tangerine and Clementine Differences

Tangerines are smaller and sweeter than an orange yet larger than a mandarin and with a skin that’s darker in color. The tangerine emigrated to America from Morocco’s port of Tangiers, from which it got its name. Tangerine qualities include a reddish-orange skin that distinguishes it from the lighter-skinned mandarin. Tangerines are the most popular type of mandarin, but they’re tarter. Like the mandarin, tangerines have seeds. The longer growing season puts tangerines in the market from November through May.

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THE KEEPING QUALITIES OF CITRUS OILS

“Lemon and Orange oils and other citrus oils improve after a year or two of cold storage in that some of the dissolved waxes separate from the oil and may be removed easily by filtration. The resulting oils are more soluble and produce clearer extracts. Neither odor nor flavor is impaired if the oils are kept in tin-lined fully filled drums.”⁵

All the many Mandarin oils, Tangerine oils and Clementine oils I have collected over the years – all in one place at one time.

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PART OF PLANT USED IN DISTILLATION, HOW DISTILLED, EXTRACTION METHODS & YIELD

For Mandarin fruit, 100 kg of whole fruit yields 750-850 g. of oil. Green Mandarin essential oil is cold pressed from the peel of unripe green fruits. Yellow Mandarin essential oil is cold pressed from the peel of partially ripened fruits. Red Mandarin essential oil is cold pressed from the peel of fully ripened, mature fruits.

Tangerine when using the rotary juice extractor for juice (cuts and halves and expresses the juice) and then the screw press used to extract the peel oil, the peel yields an oil of a deep orange color and very nice odor and flavor. The yield is about 2 lb. per U.S. ton of fruit.

Clementine is not mentioned in Guenther’s book and I have been unable to find exact yield of essential oil to weight in any one of 10 sources that were checked.

Yield is 0.7%-0.8%. The essential oil of these citrus is either cold-pressed or sometimes steam-distilled from the peel (flavedo).

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ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS

Mandarin is named in relationship to its ripeness when harvested.

THE QUALITIES EO	RED MANDARIN	YELLOW MANDARIN	GREEN MANDARIN	TANGERINE	CLEMENTINE
Color:	Light yellow	Yellow to greenish	Green-yellow	Golden orange	Pale yellow
Clarity:	clear	clear	clear	clear	clear
Viscosity:	Non-viscous	Non-viscous	Non-viscous	Non-viscous	Non-viscous
Taste of EO:	Sour, bitter back	sour	Bitter	Sweet, sour back note	Bitter, sour
Intensity of Odor From 1 – 10	5	4	3-4	4-5	4

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Odor Description ~ The scent of these five oils is shown in the ‘snapshot’ odor charts at the end of this post. They are all citrus, fruity and then with various back notes that separate them by odor. “You will know them by their odor.”⁷

The scent is certainly connected to the chemistry. Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and the cold-pressed oils of Tangerine and Clementine contain considerable amounts of methyl N-methyl anthranilate. According to some if you mix this component with thymol in correct proportions you can duplicate a scent that is reminiscent of Mandarin. Add the terpenes of y-terpinene and –b-pinene and you can get an even more naturalscent. A-sinensal is abundant in Mandarin oil up to 0.2%.

When Clementine from Spain was analyzed by GC/MS, several new odorants were found but ‘No single odorant emerged as being characteristic of clementine oil aroma.’⁸

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Solubility ~ Mandarin is soluble in 7-10 volumes if 90% alcohol with some turbidity and Tangerine is incompletely soluble in 95% alcohol. With some age the waxes will separate out and can be filtered off and the oil is more soluble.

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I am fond of this illustration of the cold-pressing of green Mandarin fruit and wish to acknowledge the original of this. If you know it, please inform me.

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CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ~ The morphological distinctions of citrus are slight and much of the commercially significant striking degustatory (taste test) distinction rests on a subtlety, the presence and relative proportions of the two stereoisomers of limonene, one of which is bitter (as in lemon), the other sweet (as in mandarin), resulting in the differing tastes of the flesh and juice.

“Mandarin oil, made by cold-pressing of the peels of true Mandarin, has an elegant, deep, sweet, orange-like character, and is used in liqueurs and perfumery. The major odor impact compounds are the sesquiterpene aldehyde alpha-sinensal, also characterizing orange oil, and the aromatic ester methyl N-methyl anthranilate, giving the oil a neroli-like character (and a blue fluorescence).”

“ Clementine peel oil, on the other hand, is dominated by unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes, e.g. trans-4, 5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal and (E, Z)-2, 6-dodecadienal, with an odor reminiscent of coriander leaf and having a high tenacity on the skin, together with sinensal and linalool.”²

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HISTORICAL USES ~ The fruit was used historically for digestive purposes.

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INTERESTING FACTS ~ The name comes from the mandarins of Cochin, China, where it originates, and to whom the fruit was offered as a gift”, essential aromatherapy, p. 147. Mandarins or Tangerines are given at Christmas in the Christmas stocking as a stand-in for the gold coins that were a tradition. They are also given for good luck and abundance at Chinese New Year which normally is in late January and February.

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GENERAL PROPERTIES

Properties are by IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation or AP=application. By Ingestion these citrus fruits (not the EO) are digestive, tonic, and stomachic; by inhalation the EO is sedative, soporific, relaxant, calmative, tonic, and antispasmodic; and by application the EO are astringent and slightly antiseptic.

Physical Uses & How used (IG or AP):

Application ~ If you use the essential oil in your skin care products, Mandarin and Tangerine will give them a slight astringency and be slightly antiseptic. In a moisturizer they will help tone and tighten skin, contributing to healthier and younger-looking skin.

Ingestion ~ The essential oils of Clementine, Tangerine and Mandarin are used in food products so yes, they are used internally. But these amounts of the EO in any product is extremely slight, so we suggest that unless they are very, very highly diluted in food or in an oil that you eat the food and not take the oils internally.

Emotional/Energetic/Meditative Uses (AP or IN) ~ Tangerine or yellow or red Mandarin EO will soothe grief, anger, and shock and when combined with Marjoram in a diffuser or upon inhalation will aid sleep. Since Mandarin is usually more expensive than Tangerine, I suggest you use Tangerine and I suspect that Clementine will work as well as any of these.

DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION ~ These warm sparkling bright citrus oils have great value in blends to cleanse the room air and refresh the senses. They are often very calming, soothing and relaxing.

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BLENDING: Mandarin, Tangerine and Clementine will blend well with all other citrus, and can feminize chypre blends, warm-up woody blends and work to brighten any floral blend. These three can be used with resins, Mediterranean herbs such as Marjoram, Lavender and Rosemary and are an important part of most top notes in fine perfumery. For a crisp scent use green Mandarin or green Lemon, for warmer heart notes use the riper citrus such as yellow or red Mandarin and Tangerine.

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HYDROSOL ~ I have been having a fine time using Mandarin hydrosol in my bath to soothe the skin and on my face as a toner. I have also used a teaspoon full in my tea in the afternoon and tried a bit in coffee to take the edge off the tannins. They are easily available in season or by special order from the company’s whose products are shown here.

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HERBAL USE OF THESE FRUITS AND PEELS ~ When you use citrus, there are many ways that all parts can be used. You can squeeze and drink the juice, then dry the peel for potpourri; you can eat the fruit and collect the peels to hydro-distill for a lovely hydrosol or you can slice and dry the fruit and use it for decorations on your Christmas tree or in your winter potpourri. The dried slices of any citrus look very festive on a Christmas tree and then when Christmas is over, the slices can be used to scent your potpourri and if there is enough scent left, they can be tinctured for perfume. I don’t think I would eat them at this point as they would have been in the air for well over 2 weeks and rather ‘tired’.

Dried Mandarin slices

Food Usage ~ TESTED AGAINST MICROORGANISMS ~ The essential oils from peels of Mandarin and Clementine were examined and tested. “Among the tested microorganisms, the oils were very active against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Lysteria innocua, Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus and Staphylococcus aureus with an inhibition zone varied from 9.16 to 27.63 mm. … All citrus oils studied exhibited antioxidant activity as DPPH free radical scavenger and reducing power in dose dependent manner. Mandarin oil showed the strongest activity compared to Clementine and the Wilking cultivar essential oils. The oils may be recommended as safe plant-based antimicrobials as well as antioxidants for enhancement of shelf life of food commodities.”⁶

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KEY USE ~ The fruit as a food and the essential oil as a sleeping aid.

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SCIENCE ARTICLE ~ Analytical characterization of mandarin (Citrus reticulata var. deliciosa Ten.) essential oil … First published: 04 November 2010, https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2014

Abstract

An investigation was performed on 124 samples of Sicilian Mmandarin essential oils (Citrus deliciosa Tenore), industrially cold pressed by different extraction techniques (Brown Oil Extractor and screw press). The samples were collected during the entire productive season (from September 2008 to March 2009). The aim of the study was to determine the composition of the volatile of the non‐volatile oxygen heterocyclic components, as well as the determination of the enantiomeric ratios of some volatile components by multidimensional GC with chiral column in the second dimension. Three new components were identified by LCMS‐IT‐TOF in the non‐volatile fraction (dimethyl‐nobiletin, isosinensetin, demethyl‐tangeretin). The results obtained are discussed to evaluate seasonal variation of the composition of the essential oil as well as the influence of the extraction techniques. This study gives a wide view on the composition of Sicilian mandarin (C. deliciosa Ten.) essential oils industrially produced during the entire productive season, useful to identify quality parameters for the analytical characterization of this product. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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ODOR SNAPSHOTS USING THE JEANNE ROSE ADVANCED VOCABULARY OF ODOR

green Mandarin, yellow Mandarin, red Mandarin

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Green Mandarin, Yellow Mandarin, Red Mandarin

Clementine Odor

Tangerine Odor

TANGERINE & CLEMENTINE

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LEARN TO SMELL AND DETECT ODOR

Read The Aromatherapy Book, Chapter 3, pages 63-66 and 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols, Chapter 3, pages 27-31. These two books will assist you in learning how to describe odors.

Available at /books.html

Limbic system is the seat of memory and learning. Smell from left nostril and then to right nostril. The right nostril (right brain-creative) is important in detecting and evaluating the intensity of odor, and this hints at a broad olfactory asymmetry and the left nostril (left brain or logical) is for smelling location or place.

First Smell and 2^nd Smell. Lurking in the olfactory epithelium, among the mucus-exuding cells, are cells that are part of the system that innervates the face (trigeminal nerve). It is suspected that pungent and putrid molecules penetrate them, interact with their proteins, and stimulate them to fire. Thus, there are two types of olfaction: first smell, the ordinary type for specific odors, and second smell for nonspecific pungency and putridity.”

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References to articles

¹ https://www.leaf.tv/articles/differences-between-a-mandarin-and-a-tangerine/

²http://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils.htm

³ www.edenbotanicals.com

⁴ https://www.slowfoodusa.org/ark-item/dancy-tangerine

⁵Guenther: THE ESSENTIAL OILS, volume III, Citrus oils: Krieger. 1949.

⁶Chemical profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Citrus reticulata and Citrus clementina (L.) essential oils, International Food Research Journal 24(4) · August 2017
⁷Jeanne Rose lectures and “Natural Perfumery” workbook
⁶Chemical profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Citrus reticulata and Citrus clementina (L.) essential oils, International Food Research Journal 24(4) · August 2017
⁷Jeanne Rose lectures and “Natural Perfumery” workbook
⁸Characterization of the major odorants found in the peel oil of Clementine. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 04 July 2003.

References-General
Copeland, Dawn. Essential Oil Profiles. Aromatherapy Studies Course. 2000.
Harman, Ann. Harvest to Hydrosol
http://ultranl.com/products/mandarin-oil-green-italy/
Mabberley, D.J., Mabberley’s Plant Book, 2008 Third Edition with 2014 updates, Cambridge University Press
Ohloff, Günther: Scent and Fragrances: Springer-Verlag. 1990. Translated by Pickenhagen and Lawrence
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols
Rose, Jeanne. Natural Botanical Perfumery Workbook. 2000
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations

Mandarin

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Hybrids have an ‘x’ between the genus name and the species name. “Hybrids either get their parents’ names with an ‘x’ in between parent names (mother listed first), or a brand-new species epithet preceded by a ‘x’. So, in the figure below, the name for orange can be listed as Citrus maxima x Citrus reticulata, or Citrus x aurantium. You often see the name Citrus sinensis or Citrus x sinensis for oranges, but those are synonym names that should not be used anymore.”

Current citrus names, author unknown

LIME OIL & Makrut Lime

Apr22

LIME OIL & Makrut Lime Profile

By Jeanne Rose ~ April 2019

Synopsis – Lime Oil and the Plant ~ A complete description of Lime, family ties, country of origin, characteristics, body care, skin care, formulas and recipes on how to use this oil.

**Lime oil courtesy of EdenBotanicals.com**

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Latin Binomial/Botanical ~ Citrus x aurantiifolia is the Latin binomial for regular Lime oil and it is also incorrectly listed as Citrus aurantiifolia.[the x means that it is a cross as most citrus is] “Bearss Lemons, also called Lime, is Citrus latifolia or Persian lime. It is like the Lisbon Lemon.

Makrut Lime and Kaffir Lime is C. hystrix. The leaves as well as the fruit are eaten in foods and distilled and used in perfumery.

“The lime. *The putative parent differs from the unknown parent of the Lemon; Scora & Kumamoto (1983) consider there may be three wild species in the lime’s ancestry, two of them perhaps from outside subgenus Citrus.”³

Ancestral species include:

Citrus cavaleriei — Ichang Papeda
Citrus hystrix – Kaffir Lime
Citrus japonica — Kumquat
Citrus maxima – Pomelo
Citrus medica – Citron
Citrus micrantha – a Papeda
Citrus reticulata – Mandarin Orange

The parents of the ‘Mexican Lime are C. micrantha and C. medica and then the Mexican Lime crossed with Lemon gives the ‘Tahiti’ Lime (C. x latifolia). If you want to have a fine time scrambling your brains look at the incestuous crosses, back crossing, mutations, aberrations, speciation events, hybrids, genetic mixings, varieties, groups or outgroups, rootstock changes and terroir effects of the many Citrus types to understand the various citrus fruits, we have now.

Family – Rutaceae

Naming ~ “The taxonomy of the citrus fruits is complicated by hybridity and apomixis, with many stable hybrid lines being accorded species status, so that the number of edible species recognized in the genus Citrus L. … varies from 1 to 162”.¹

The current version of the Bearss lemon (lime) originated in the early 50s in Florida and is a very popular variety for lemon-growers. It is a true Lemon, and the peel is high in volatile oil. It is also popular because it produces high-quality fruit, a lot of Lemons on each tree, and because of its peel.”²(see the Lemon blog at https://jeanne-blog.com/lemon-oil/ ) I is also is called Citrus x latifolia or Persian lime (also known as Tahiti lime or Bearss lime), a seedless variety.

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Countries of Origin: There is a wide range of study of where and how the diverse group of Citrus developed or are indigenous. They are now naturalized worldwide. Guenther mentions that Lime is probably a native of the East Indian Archipelago and then brought to the Asiatic mainland and on to tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Lime was brought to Europe by the Arabs. For more extensive information read volume 3, page 287 of The Essential Oils by Guenther.

General description of Lime citrus, plant, habitat & growth “The tree seldom grows more than 5 meters (16 feet) high and if not pruned becomes shrub like. Its branches spread and are irregular, with short stiff twigs, small leaves, and many small sharp thorns. The evergreen leaves are pale green, and the small white flowers bloom in spring are usually borne in clusters. The fruit is about 3 to 4 cm (1 to 1.5 inches) in diameter, oval to nearly globular in shape, often with a small apical nipple, and the peel is thin and greenish yellow when the fruit is ripe. The pulp is tender, juicy, yellowish green in color, and decidedly acid. Limes exceed lemons in both acid and sugar content. There are, however, some varieties so lacking in citric acid that they are known as sweet Limes. These are grown to some extent in Egypt and certain tropical countries.”^{2 “}Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance, partly due to flavonoids and limonoids (which in turn are terpenes) contained in the rind, and most are juice-laden. The juice contains a high quantity of citric acid giving them their characteristic sharp flavor. “⁸

**This maybe a Meyer Lemon but it looks much like the Lime. Photo by JeanneRose**

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Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods & yield: The peel is cold-pressed or steam-distilled.
If Lime is cold-pressed “The fruit is peeled and then squeezed and the essential oil is trapped ‘in a blanket like emulsion composed of albedo [containing all the bioflavonoids], with its pectin and cellulose, water, and essential oils.’ [Fragrance by Edwin Morris] This is put through a screen and then centrifuged. It is then chilled which precipitates and solidifies the waxes from the fruit skin, which drop to the bottom of the collecting tank and are filtered out. The oil settles, then it is filtered again, decanted and stored” Aromatherapy Studies Course, Chapter 3, p. 62.
Lime is also steam-distilled, and this eliminates its phototoxicity.

Yield ~ There are many factors that affect the yield of oil from cold-pressed or steam-distilled Lime, including genetic factors, the terroir of the field, whether the peels were dried or pretreated, when the Limes were harvested and more. Guenther mentions that hand-pressed or cold-expressed Lime oil has a fine, true-to-nature odor and flavor. Yield of this oil depends on the quality and condition of the fruit and for a barrel of fruit (160 lb.) averages 2.5-3 ounces of oil.

Yield has also been observed as 0.06% for cold-pressed oil and .15% for steam-distilled oil.

Citrus limetta, alternatively considered to be a cultivar of Citrus limon, C .x limon ‘Limetta’, is a species of citrus, commonly known as mousambi, sweet lime, sweet lemon, and sweet limetta, it is a member of the sweet lemons and this only adds to the confusion of the naming of the Citrus. … 5

symbol from Jeanne Rose The Aromatherapy Book

Contraindications ~ Limes when handled and Lime oil cold pressed will cause photosensitivity when used undiluted or if you are exposed to sun directly after application. They contain furanocoumarins, (natural chemicals found in some essential oils). Be wary.

Lime peel oil steam-distilled does not have the plant components that cause photosensitivity.

**Courtesy of AromaticWisdomInstitute.com**

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Organoleptic Characteristics:

Color:	Colorless or very pale yellow, sometimes when CP a hint of green
Clarity:	Clear
Viscosity:	Non-viscous, watery
Taste:	Bitter, acidic, sour
Intensity of Odor:	5, dries down to 3, then a 2. A tart, pungent odor.

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ODOR DESCRIPTION ~ The distilled lime is prepared by steam distillation of whole fruits of (Citrus x aurantifolia (Christm). & Panz.)Swingle). This steam distilled oil is more important in the fragrance and perfumery industry than the cold-pressed oil. The more expensive cold-pressed oil is more like Lemon oil than what we associate organoleptically to Lime peel oil. Germacrene B has a woody-spicy odor that contributes to the fresh odor of Lime Peel oil. [Also includes pinene, linalool, citral, germacrene]⁴

The scent is clearly a tart citrus as a predominating note, with fresh fruit and herb as subsidiary notes and often a back note of floral and spice. “You will know it, when you smell it!”

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Citrus Notes ~ Citrus oils are used in the perfumery business to impart a fresh, sparkling note to any blend. They are usually not overpowering. They can be used in up to 25% as the base for classic type of eau de cologne. Citrus oils harmonize with many other essential oils and they are used in different concentrations in almost all scent blends and modern perfumes. >In combination with Lavender oil, citrus oils are the base for English Lavender which is an 1826 creation. High concentrations of citrus oils are in Chanel No. 5 (1921). Also, of importance are the citrus oils in pop drinks like Coca-Cola and others.

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Solubility ~ In cold-pressed oils because of the presence of waxes, it is not clearly soluble in 5 vol. of 90% alcohol. When Lime is steam-distilled, the oil is clearly soluble in 4 vol. and more of 90% alcohol.

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Chemical Components ~ These results for Lime were determined using principal component analysis.

In Lime peel oils, four chemotypes are distinguished: 1) limonene; 2) Limonene/gamma-terpinene; 3) Limonene/beta-pinene/gamma-terpinene; and 4) Limonene/gamma-terpinene/beta-pinene/oxygenated products.

The morphological distinctions between some of the citrus are slight and “much of the commercially significant striking degustatory (tasty) distinction rests on a subtlety, the presence and relative proportions of the two stereoisomers of limonene, one of which is bitter (as in lemon), the other sweet (as in mandarin), resulting in the differing tastes of the flesh and juice”.—Mabberly

Chemotypes have been identified for lime leaf oils as beta-pinene/limonene and Limonene/geranial/neral.

The peel oil of Kagzi lime (Citrus x aurantifolia Swingle) was isolated by hydrodistillation at six ripening stages and analyzed by GC. Nineteen components were identified, and some important aroma components were observed at higher concentrations than normally reported such as neral and geranial (7.8%), geraniol (7.3%) and citronellol (1.2%), particularly in green fruits. A decrease in oxygenated monoterpenes and an increase in monoterpene hydrocarbons was observed during ripening. The peel of mature green lime fruits was found rich in organoleptically important oxygenated constituents (29.7%).⁶ — Changes in the Peel Oil Composition of Kagzi Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) during Ripening

“ecuelle a piquer tool”

Historical Uses ~ In men’s fragrances and as an antispasmodic.

Citrus was originally relieved of its fragrant rind oil by lacerating the peels by hand. The Description from the Department of Agriculture is: “The ecuelle-a-piquer is used in perfumery, “for lacerating the oil vessels in the rinds of orange, lemon, etc.; the oil collects in the hollow handle, whence it is poured off.” Department of Agriculture, 1899 

The ecuelle-a-piquer, a perfumery tool, or extracting tool used to extract oils from citrus or orange rind is a large funnel made of copper having its inner layers tinned. The inner layer has numerous pointed metal needles just long enough to penetrate the epidermis of the ring. The lower stem is a receiver for the oil and used as a handle…. Now the fresh lemon or lime is placed in the bowl and rotated repeatedly, the oil glands punctured (scarified) and the oil drops into the handle.” — Source: Department of Agriculture Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture 1898 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899)

In Montserrat, the Foxes Bay Works, workers seen Ecuelling limes

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Interesting Facts: Use Lime oil much in the same way as Lemon oil, although it is tarter than Lemon oil, and with a ‘brighter’ scent; it blends well with Lemon oil. There is one old herb book that I have that says, “inhale the scent of Lime oil to stimulate the muscles of the eye.” How this works, I do not know.

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PROPERTIES

Lime oil is used as an astringent and antiseptic and in perfumery smells light and bright. Lime oil is somewhat a decongestant, a sedative inhalant that treats bilious headaches.

The juice is high in limonene, and ascorbic acid and is high in beta- carotene for cancer prevention and the juice is drunk with water for diarrhea and cramps; and used externally as a wash for dandruff.

Physical Uses & How used ~ Skin care and body care. Perfumery. The oil is used in massage oils for scent anti-infectious, antiseptic, antiviral, and stimulant to the capillaries.

Application – Lime oil has great application in skin care products for its astringency for oily skin and is used for its tart scent particularly in men’s perfumery. It is used in high dilution.

Ingestion –The juice is taken to relieve spasms of the gut and internal parasites, provide vitamin C via ingestion of the juice; while the oil is taken in dilution via herbal capsules as an antispasmodic, vermifuge, stomachic, and digestive.

Inhalation – Lime oil is sometimes used in a diffusor with other respiratory oils for respiratory infections.

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EMOTIONAL USES (AP OR IN) ~ The essential oil is diluted with calming oils and used by inhalation to calm the nervous system and for insomnia and nightmares.

DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION ~ Diffused as a disinfectant in sick rooms and to protect against contagious ailments. Lime oil works best when it is in a blend with other oils that also are both gentle and disinfect. Try Rosemary/Lime or Lime/Lemon or Black Pepper/Lime. All interesting with unique scents.

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BLENDING ~ Lime oil, both cold-pressed and steam-distilled, blends with other citrus as well as oils with a citrus scent such as Clary Sage and Citronella but also to brighten up floral absolutes and tame spicy oils such as Ginger and Black Pepper. It can add a bright touch of citrus to an overly sweet floral perfume.

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HYDROSOL ~ I have used Lime Hydrosol and found it very pleasant in scent and useful as an astringent on oily skin. The hydrosol can be added to non-alcoholic drinks to add a pleasant acidic citrus taste. Add only a teaspoonful until you know how much taste you wish in your tea or drink.

If you place the Lime hydrosol into a spray bottle, you can spray the inside of a cocktail glass to add a bit of flavor and tartness to your drink — try with Margarita, Daiquiri, Mojito, Cosmopolitan or Gimlet.

Harvest to Hydrosol, a book by Ann Harman. She has published several Lime hydrosol GC/MS; one in her book and others at her Circle H website. These are an excellent source of information about the chemistry of the hydrosols. One Lime Hydrosol GC/MS with 0.0259% oil in the hydrosol shows a large quantity of a-terpineol, terpinene-4-ol and other monoterpenols as well as geranial and neral (aldehydes) and more. Every distillation will yield a slightly different chart depending on the species or variety being distilled.

**Lime hydrosol from PositivelyAromatic.co**m

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Herbal Uses of Lime ~ Kaffir Lime –Thai food has a unique fragrance of this small, knobbly, rough-skinned citrus. Both the rind of the fruit and the equally perfumed leaves sliced into thin threads or lightly bruised and left whole when added to curries is a defining aromatic touch. The leaves, if you’ve bought more than you can use in a recipe, freeze well for future use. Or if you like, drop a couple of leaves into a gin and tonic, a mojito, or a pitcher of lemonade for an exotic twist.

“Distilled lime oil is the chief flavoring ingredient of carbonated nonalcoholic beverages such as Ginger ale, cola drinks and ice cream and baked goods and candy”⁷.—Guenther vol. III

from JeanneRose

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THE KEEPING QUALITIES OF CITRUS OILS

“Lemon and Orange oils and other citrus even improve after a year or two of cold storage in that some of the dissolved waxes separate from the oil and may be removed easily by filtration. The resulting oils are more soluble and produce clearer extracts. Neither odor nor flavor is impaired if the oils are kept in tin-lined fully filled drums.”⁷

Key Use: Oil of Food & Beverage

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Perfumery Formula ~ MOJITO BY BRET

Top Note is 25 drops total of a combination of Linden, Bergamot, white grapefruit
Bridge of 1 drop of Lime preferably (Keffir Lime) or Lime CP. A little goes a long way
Heart Note is 25 drops of Patchouli and “sugar”. The ‘Sugar” is something that we make in class and is an equal combination of Pink Grapefruit, and yellow Lemon, with a bit of Neroli, Patchouli and Tangerine made to suit the individual perfumer.
Bridge of 1 drop Spearmint
Base Note of 25 drops of Oakmoss and Sarsaparilla (mostly Oakmoss).
Fixative note is the Oakmoss which will hold and fix this scent that Bret called “Mojito”.
75 drops total + 228 drops cane spirits. This makes a 25% scent to 75% EtOH.

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MAIA’S FAVORITE CITRUS & SPICE PERFUME

TOP Neroli 8 and Bergamot 8
Bridge Lime 2-4
HEART Sandalwood 8 and Lavender 8
Bridge Cedar-wood 4
BASE Basil 8 and Clove 1-2
Total about 50 drops, let this age for 2 weeks, then adjust the formula to suit yourself, add the 95% neutral grape spirits as a diluent – about 150 drops for a 25% perfume percentage or 300 drops for a cologne percentage. Let it age again for several weeks before using.

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Safety Precautions ~ Limes when handled or cut and Lime oil cold-pressed are photosensitizing when used undiluted if you upon exposure to sun directly after application. They contain furanocoumarins, (natural chemicals found in certain essential oils). Be wary. Lime peel oil steam-distilled does not have the plant components that cause photosensitivity.

The juice is different from the oil.

SCIENCE ARTICLE ~ “Even though citrus is a common fruit and easy to use in daily consumption, it contains many beneficial substances for human health. It may be a miracle fruit. The phytochemical substances such as alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids exist in citrus abundantly. All these substances have their board range of pharmacological properties, especially anticancer property. C. x aurantifolia was studied for its effect against carcinogenesis by mechanisms such as stopping cancer cell mobility in circulatory system; so, inhibiting the metastasis, blocking the angiogenesis, and inducing tumor suppressor gene and apoptosis. The present review suggests that C. x aurantifolia consumption may have a use for cancer therapy.⁵”

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REFERENCES
¹A classification for edible Citrus (Rutaceae) D.J. Mabberley, unknown date
²https://www.britannica.com/plant/lime
³A classification for edible Citrus (Rutaceae) D.J. Mabberley, 1997
⁴ Ohloff, Günther: SCENT AND FRAGRANCES: Springer-Verlag. 1990. Translated by Pickenhagen and Lawrence {this is the main source}
⁵Pharmacogn Rev. 2016 Jul-Dec; 10(20): 118–122.doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.194043. Anticancer Activity of Key Lime, Citrus aurantifoliabyNithithep Narang and Wannee Jiraungkoorskul
⁶ Changes in the Peel Oil Composition of Kagzi Lime (Citrus x aurantifolia Swingle) during Ripening
⁷Guenther: THE ESSENTIAL OILS, volume III, Citrus oils: Krieger. 1949.
⁸https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus

Harman, Ann. Harvest to Hydrosol [https://botannicals.com/shop/books/harvest-to-hydrosol ]
Mabberley, D.J., Mabberley’s Plant Book, 2008 Third Edition with 2014 updates, Cambridge University Press
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. /books.html
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book. /books.html
Williams, David G.: THE CHEMISTRY OF ESSENTIAL OILS: Micelle Press. 1996.

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SOURCES

Essential Oils and Absolutes – EdenBotanicals.com offer over 260 botanical essential oils and extracts – including many that are rare and precious. All oils are obtained from aromatic plants grown with integrity and care. Their promise to you is that everything you purchase is of the highest quality and 100% guaranteed. Everyone is welcome to purchase oils and take advantage of bulk pricing.

Hydrosols Source – While Eden Botanicals also provides hydrosols, I am most happy to use https://www.positivelyaromatic.com/store/ for their gorgeous organically-grown and carefully hand-distilled hydrosols and essential oils that are the ones mentioned in this and my other citrus articles.
I also regularly use the trusted distilling skills of April Treona Lancaster of http://lancastercreations.com/ for many specialized organically-grown and locally sourced hydrosols.

Please support the people that support the earth.

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To Date ~ We have published the following blog posts on Bergamot , Grapefruit, Lemon, and will follow Lime with Mandarin/Tangerine/Clementine, Neroli, Orange and Blood Orange, Petitgrain, and Citrus odds and ends such as Yuzu.

Safety

LEMON Oil

Mar23

LEMON Essential Oil and/or Hydrosol Profile

By Jeanne Rose ~ March 2019

Synopsis of Lemon Oil and the Plant ~ A complete description of Lemon, country of origin, characteristics,
skin care, formulas and recipes on how to use this oil

Lemon Oil; cold-pressed, steam-distilled and Eden Botanical label oil — **Pretty Lemon oil — cold-pressed and steam distilled**

Lemon Common Name/Latin Binomial ~ Lemon is Citrus x limon (L.) Osb. It Is a cross of C. medica with C. x aurantium and called Lemon. The ‘x’ in the middle of any Latin binomial simply means that the plant is a cross and in this case several types of Citrus were crossed to eventually become “Lemon”. There are at least 25 different varieties of Lemon.

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Other Common Name/Naming Information and Etymology: There are many varieties of Lemon, several dozen in fact and each has its own quality. “In China, many Lemon varieties that are popularly cultivated are called landraces, and many of them are given local or vernacular names by the lemon growers. Scrutiny over the landrace names and their etymology suggests that a given lemon landrace might have a different name in different regions. This causes problems to breeders, commercial companies and farmers”⁴. To really give a proper name to a plant, you must use DNA markers.

Lemon, c. 1400, lymon, from Old French limon or “citrus fruit” (12 century.), which comes via Provençal or Italian from Arabic word laimun, or Persian word limun. Often yellow fruit is called ‘lemon’ while green fruit is called ‘lime’.

As an example, “Bearss Lemons, also called Lime, originated in Italy from a variety that is now extinct. It is like the Lisbon Lemon. The current version of the Bearss lemon (lime) originated in the early 50s in Florida and is a very popular variety for lemon-growers. It is a true Lemon, and it is high in Lemon oil. It is also popular because it produces high-quality fruit, a lot of Lemons on each tree, and because of its peel.”²

Bearss Lemons/Limes — **Bearss Lemons also called Lime — available at the market at the end of February – JR**

Family ~ Rutaceae, the Citrus family

Countries of Origins ~ Lemon tree is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering family of Rutaceae, and it is native to South Asia and primarily to North eastern India. “The origin of the Lemon tree is a mystery . . . although some consider it a native of Southeast China, others consider Lemon to be a sport or hybrid of Citron and Lime. Not mentioned in the early Roman writings and unknown to the Romans, it was Introduced to the Middle East about A.D. 1100, and described in the arabic herbals. Columbus introduced the Citrus fruits into the Americas in 1493. Seeds were planted in Haiti and the Dominican Republic and Citrus trees soon spread throughout the area.” 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols, p. 100-101.

Eden Botanicals Harvest Location ~ Italy

Endangered or Not ~ Not currently. This is an easily available oil and the cost is reasonable. Organic Lemon oil that is pressed from the peel can be obtained for as little as $185/kilogram.

**Two kinds of Lemon Hydrosol – whole and peel only**

General description of Plant habitat and growth ~ “Lemon is an ovate, pale yellow citrus fruit from a small species of evergreen tree. Apparently brought from India to the Levant by the Arabs 9 c. or 10 c.; the word is perhaps ultimately from an Austronesian word of the Malay Archipelago, such as Balinese limo “lemon,”¹

It is a tree growing up to 16 feet, with dark green leaves and branches which bear small “spines” (from which an essential oil of Lemon-Petitgrain is obtained). Always in bloom, the white flowers are highly perfumed. The fruits produced are pale yellow to dark yellow. The fruit used primarily for its juice is for both culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world and has both culinary and cleaning uses. The pulp and zest or rind is used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a pH of about 2.2, and that gives it a sour taste. It is a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and yummy lemon meringue pie.

Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods and yields of Lemon oil ~
The peel is either expressed or steam-distilled. Various methods of expressing have different yields. “Expressing changes with location. Italian oils are a combo of machine and hand expression. Good lemon oil retains its fresh Lemon odor practically unchanged on the blotter until there is no odor left. Properly stored the odor of expressed Lemon oil can last for years. Lemon oil is often divided into fractions” — no amounts given, and this is from Arctander’s Perfume and Flavor.
“Three major chemotypes were distinguished for lemon peel oils: 1) limonene; 2) limonene/β-pinene/γ-terpinene; and 3) limonene/linalyl acetate/linalool.”⁵— Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry

            Yield of Lemon Oil ~ “1 ton of lemon fruit (8000-10,000 Lemons) will yield 14 lbs. of distilled oil, while cold-pressing will yield 6-7 lbs. of oil per ton;
Steam–distillation = 1 ton Lemon = 14 lbs. EO;
Cold-Expression = 1 ton Lemon fruit = 6-7 lbs. of EO” — The above is from Guenther “The Essential Oils”
            So there is no one answer to how many drops a lemon can produce from its peel. There are various varieties used of Citrus limon (Linn.) and each variety has different yields based on type of extraction whether it be expression or steam-distillation. There are no figures that I could find that said “x # of Lemons are in a ton”. My suggestion is to measure out a 10 lb. bag of lemons and count the number of fruit and then do the extrapolation. For food lemons there are 4-5 lemons per pound or 8000-10,000 Lemons per ton which equals 6-7 lbs. of oil.
            Anything on the internet about this is probably made up. So, get your best mathematician on this and they can extrapolate the answer based on the above and that there are 29.75 drops per mil and 29-30 mil per ounce. — Lovely math!!

Yield ~ 0.6-0.8% from the cold expression of the fresh fruit peel.

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Organoleptic Characteristics

Color – colorless to pale yellow to medium yellow (depends of whether cold-expressed or steam-distilled.
Clarity – clear
Viscosity – Non-viscous
Intensity of odor – 2 for cold-expressed and 1 for steam-distilled
Taste – bitter and sour

Odor Description/ Aroma Assessment ~ The citrus scent of Lemon is distributed throughout the plant world in many types of plants such as Lemon Balm, Lemon Verbena, Lemon Catnip, Lemongrass, Lemon Thyme and Lemon Myrtle to mention a few. These plants are herbs, bushes, grasses, even trees. Lemon itself has a mild, fresh cleansing odor that is citrus-citrus top note, a slight floral heart note and very slightly herbal back note. You know it when you smell it. The Eureka Lemons are more strongly citrus or ‘lemon’ smelling than the Meyer Lemons. I prefer the scent of the cold-expressed peel of Lemon rather than the less interesting steam-distilled.

sweet Meyer Lemons — **Another type of sweet Meyer Lemon – JR**

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GENERAL PROPERTIES

Properties and Uses ~ Citrus plants constitute one of the main valuable sources of essential oil used in foods and medicinal purposes. Properties are by AP=application, IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation.

Application: The essential oil when applied externally is an antibiotic, antiseptic, astringent, insect repellant, depurative, vermifuge and cicatrizing. Apply on some infections, acne, as an astringent and antiseptic, a cleanser, skin sores, infected wounds, insect bites, disinfectant, and with other oils for pain of rheumatism.

Ingestion; The Lemon essential oil should not be taken internally.

Inhalation: Inhale the crisp cheery scent of Lemon oil as a calmative, antidepressant, mild stimulant, digestive, antiseptic, febrifuge, and depurative (purifying and detoxifying effects).

Diffuse/Diffusion ~ Lemon oil is a good addition to many other oils in your diffusor. It is uplifting and invigorating. For clarity of thought add Rosemary to the Lemon, for uplifting your spirit add Basil or Spearmint, for a quiet calmness add Lemon oil to Spikenard.

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Emotional/Energetic Use: Use by inhalation for general fatigue and depression or physical exhaustion. Scott Cunningham mentions Lemon oil for use in ‘Moon oils’, for purification or to honor water magic.

Application in Skin Care ~ When used in combinations with other oils Lemon oil is cleansing and an astringent and particularly useful for oily skin.I have found it of great use in hand care and gave my recipe for hand cream in Kitchen Cosmetics, see page 73.

Eureka Lemons and Meyers Lemons — **2-kinds of Lemon. Eureka and Meyer -JR**

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SOME FORMULAS

Lemon Hand Cream

Squeeze a Lemon and strain the juice through a cloth. Pour the juice into a measuring cup and add an equal amount of Almond oil. Melt a small amount of beeswax (maybe a teaspoon) and add to the Lemon/Almond mixture a bit at a time — heat slowly and incorporate with the beeswax. Don’t let it burn. Stir and pour into a 4 oz jar and add 1-drop of Lemon oil. Stir in a figure-8 pattern* until integrated and cool. Cover. Do not disturb until fully cold. Rub a little of this on your hands whenever necessary. This is excellent to smooth and sooth rough hands. It is emollient and a texturizer.

*My mantra on stirring is “figure-8 around and around and figure-8 up and down”.

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HERBAL USES ~ Drinking Lemon juice will stimulate the white corpuscles in defense of the organism, with hot water and honey it will help to reduce fever, the juice repels internal parasites such as worms, it is a source for vitamin C, it is useful in infections or infective states and for asthma, flu, pneumonia, gargling for sore throat, tonsillitis, mouth inflammation, or for loss of appetite, urinary disturbance, dyspepsia, flatulence, burping, reducing fat in the obese, detoxification, general tonic and to purify water.

There are many ways to use Lemon juice and Lemon oil. A grandmother cure for colds and flu is to squeeze the juice of a Lemon into a cup, add hot water, a bit of honey and a shot of brandy, add a twist of Lemon peel which will give you some Lemon oil and drink this hot or cold. Hot will help you sweat that cold away and cold just tastes good. My Irish grandmother friend only used Irish whisky, my French mom only used cognac and my Italian godmother used Sambuca.” — The Aromatherapy Book, page 111.

We all have our regional recipes and choices.

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PERFUMERY with Lemon Oil. Blend with just about any oil. It gives an uplifting and happy quality to any blend and can be used in massage with any combination of oils. It is particularly effective in the top note of a perfume, especially with Grapefruit, Bergamot and other members of the citrus family. Try it with Bergamot, Black Pepper, a bridge of Cardamom; to smooth out the edges of Blue Chamomile or to enhance Roman chamomile. It smells delightful with Cistus and Elemi, and Coriander is a good bridge in a spicy perfume. It can also work well with Rose Geranium, conifers like Juniper or Fir absolute, and with the resins it enhances such as Frankincense, Galbanum, Labdanum and Oakmoss. Lemon is happy with florals such as Jasmine, Lavender, Neroli, Osmanthus, Rose, and YlangYlang. It is enhanced with Litsea cubeba, and base notes such as Patchouli, and Sandalwood are delighted to be paired with Lemon oil.

Remember there are two main types of Lemon oil, the steam-distilled, colorless and with very mild odor that I often call ‘white Lemon oil’ and the ‘yellow Lemon oil” from the cold-expression. I prefer the latter over the former because of the more intense lemon odor. There is also ‘green Lemon oil’ that has a slight pale green color, obtained from extracting under-ripe or green fruit.

2 types of lemon oil, cold-pressed and steam distilled — **Courtesy of Eden Botanicals**

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CITRUS TOP NOTE PERFUME & Succussion

TOP NOTE: 30 drops of a mixture of Grapefruit oil and Mandarin oil.
10-15 drops of fresh tart Lemon oil.
If you use the white Grapefruit or the green Mandarin your perfume will be brighter and cooler
than if you use pink Grapefruit and red Mandarin.
Lemon comes from green tart Lemons, or yellow more ripe Lemons.
The scent will reflect what you choose.

HEART NOTE: 20 drops of a mixture of Rose absolute and Orris root

BASE NOTE: 10 drops of Sandalwood oil and Ylang Extra.

Succuss the oils and let them age, then Succuss again.
If you like what you have made and wish to duplicate in the future,
make the perfume again but this time weigh the drops to get a weight measurement.
Your future perfumes will be a better duplicate than one made from volume alone.

Add your carrier and succuss again.

Remember that there are at least 3 kinds of Grapefruit, 3 kinds of Mandarin, 10 kinds of Rose absolute,
4 kinds of Sandalwood. Depending on which you use will result in many different scents,
all pleasant but all different.

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SUCCUSSION (mixing up from below)is the act of vigorously shaking your initial perfume blend to make a new scent called a synergy. Let it age a week or two. Finish off the perfume with additions if you need too. Then add the carrier. I suggest 95% neutral grape spirits to enhance the light cheerful scent. Although www.alcsol.com also carries Orange alcohol and others, you can substitute 25% of this to 75% grape spirits for a total of 210 drops.

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Super large Eureka Lemon compared to a regular-size Eureka Lemon along with the Eureka Lemon hydrosol from Positively Aromatic

HYDROSOL ~I have used several Lemon hydrosols — from Lancaster Creations and Positively Aromatic. They are distilled from whole fruit and from the rind. They are each perfect in their own way. The fruit is a California style bright yellow color and has a wonderful odor. The hydrosol is wonderful for my slightly oily skin and very soothing and a tonic to the skin.

There are 25 types of Lemon and I have been able to try at least three of them as hydrosols. I have used the Lisbon peel hydrosol and the Eureka peel hydrosol, both of which I found very helpful as a spray on the face and in/on eyes to soothe my aching eyes after a day of computer work. Also, they were more helpful as an eye spray to treat a stye than the hydrosol of the whole fruit. The whole fruit hydrosol of Meyer lemon was wonderful as a body spray and in the bath and the odor is entirely different from the peel when distilled.
Eureka Lemon – The Eureka lemon (Citrus x limon Eureka) is an evergreen tree that produces pink-fleshed lemons all year round. The exterior of the young lemons are yellow with green streaks and then mature to a pale yellow when ready for harvest.
Lisbon lemon is one of the most widely grown lemon trees in California and is planted extensively throughout the citrus-growing regions of the world. The Lisbon lemon grows vigorously into large, thorny, upright but spreading trees. It is believed to be a Gallego seedling selection of Portuguese origin.
Meyer Lemon – Citrus × meyeri, the Meyer lemon, is a hybrid citrus fruit native to China. It is a cross between a citron and a mandarin/pomelo hybrid distinct from the common or bitter oranges. Mature trees are around 6 to 10 ft tall with dark green shiny leaves. Flowers are white with a purple base and fragrant.

3 types of hydrosol, from Eureka Lemon, Lisbon lemon, Meyer lemon — **3 kinds of Hydrosol**

I really like to use the Lemon peel Hydrosol as a facial and eye spray especially after working on the computer all day. It is very refreshing and stops eye exhaustion.

bottle of Lemon hydrosol — **Lemon hydrosol – JR**

PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol is distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.

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HISTORICAL USES ~ Lemon juice is used as an adjunct cure for colds and flu, to extract calcium from an eggshell (page 111 from The Aromatherapy Book), and as a disinfectant.

Do not drink Lemon oil – it is not the same as the juice.

INTERESTING INFORMATION ~ “The pulp of Lemon gives Lemon juice and citric acid and is used culinarily and as medicine, specifically for scurvy. It kills AIDS virus and is an efficient contraceptive as it kills sperm [citric acid in ejaculate], so used by prostitutes since the 18^th century”³ for this reason. There are many cultivars.
The tree was introduced in California in 1887. “The oil is effective in removing ink stains and polishing metal, and as a solvent for computers. The juice is a source of citric acid. For many years the British Navy was required to provide sailors with one ounce daily, to alleviate scurvy and other vitamin-deficiency problems. The essential oil is full of vitamins and minerals. Used diffused in the atmosphere in banks and other commercial buildings in Japan to reduce work error” Essential aromatherapy, p. 143.

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THE KEEPING QUALITIES OF CITRUS OILS

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CHEMICAL COMPONENTS ~ D-Limonene, Pinene, Citral, Gamma-Terpinene, Phellandrene, Citronellal, and Citropten (a lactone called 5,7-Dimethoxycoumarin). D-Limonene is a common naturally occurring compound with a citrus scent and often present in Lemon oil up to 60%. It is often used as an additive in food products and fragrances and is classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).

Physiochemical Properties ~ Solubility – Lemon oil is soluble in 3 volumes of 95% alcohol and more.
Specific Gravity at 25°/25° – 0.849 to 0.855

CONTRAINDICATIONS ~ One of the main components of Lemon peel oil is D-Limonene, a common naturally occurring compound with a citrus scent. It is used as an additive in food products and fragrances and is classified by the FDA as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). It has been known to cause contact dermatitis.

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ABSTRACT/SCIENTIFIC DATA ~ Peel oils of lemon, grapefruit and navel orange were tested for insecticidal activities against larvae and adults of Culex pipiens and Musca domestica. Lemon peel oil was the most effective against larvae and adults of C. pipiens. Grapefruit peel oil was more toxic to adults of M. domestica while lemon oil, was more toxic Musca larvae. On the other hand, the orange peel oil was the least effective against larvae and adults of both species. The toxicity of oils applied to larval stages was extended to pupal and adult stages. C. pipiens adults appeared with paralyzed legs, while M domestica adults appeared normal. The weights of pupae treated as larvae were generally less than that of the control. All oils produced deleterious effects on fecundity of survivors of sublethal doses. The effect was obviously recorded in treated adults. Treatment of Culex & Musca with oils caused serious latent effect. — Insecticidal properties of citrus oils against Culex pipiens and Musca domestica. (PMID:9707687). — Shalaby AA, Allam KA, etc.• Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology [01 Aug 1998, 28(2):595-606]

Citrus Names Seem to Change Regularly, these are the most up-to-date names for the citrus as of late 2015 when the Taxonomical Congress met. I am sorry to say that I am unable to locate the original source of this colorful chart.

citrus scientific names — Current citrus names, Author unknown

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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

DO NOT APPLY COLD-PRESSED LEMON OIL TO SKIN PRIOR TO SUN EXPOSURE. It may cause photosensitivity. This means it could cause serious skin damage when exposed to the sun such as redness, itching, burns, blisters, and permanent skin discoloration. Steam-distilled Lemon oil does not contain the plant material that causes photosensitivity.

There are hundreds of pages of excellent information on the web from many scientific sources. The Essential Oils by Guenther contains over 30 pages of information regarding Lemon oil. It is an amazing resource for Lemon oil and the Citrus oils in general. There is much information to digest in these two places and I suggest you read what is available.

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References:

¹ https://www.etymonline.com/word/lemon

²popoptiq.com/types-of-lemons/

³ Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
⁴ Employment of a new strategy for identification of lemon (Citrus limon L.) cultivars using RAPD markers. Q Mu, X Sun, G Zhong, X Wang… – African Journal, 2012 – academicjournals.org

⁵Volatile Components of Peel and Leaf Oils of Lemon and Lime Species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 4, 796-80
⁶Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Volume III.Krieger. 1974

Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, CA.
Rose, Jeanne. Kitchen Cosmetics. San Francisco, CA.
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose & Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 1992

perfume symbol 'rising up' — **Rising Up**

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MASTIC EO & Herb Resin

Oct26

Synopsis ~ Mastic EO & Herb resin to understand the nature of Mastic; its description, distillation methods, particular plant properties, uses, and science.

MASTIC Essential Oil &/or Herb Resin Profile

By Jeanne Rose and other sources ~ 2018

Mastic cream & Oleoresin

INTRODUCTION ~ This is the last of the resins, I will discuss. Mastic EO & Herb resin. In prior months I have written about Amber, Balsam of Peru/Tolu, Benzoin/Storax, Elemi, Frankincense, Galbanum, Labdanum/Cistus, Myrrh, Opopanax and also a general article about Resins. I love the resins; I love to burn them for magic and ritual and above all use the essential oils of them in healing blends and via inhalation. I hope that you have enjoyed the series. If you missed any, please go to the ‘Home’ page and look up the resin you wish to read about.

Common Name/Latin Binomial: Gum Mastic / (Pistacia lentiscus L.) is an oleoresin with very little oil obtained from a flowering shrub.

Other Common Name/Naming Information: Mastic also called Gum Mastic / (Pistacia lentiscus L.) or Chios Mastic Gum in Greece. The word “masticate” comes from an ancient Greek word from the Greek practice of chewing this interestingly flavorful resin as a gum and in addition to freshen the breath and to fight tooth decay.

Family: Anacardiaceae

Countries of Origins: Mastic EO & Herb resin is known from Greece, but grows in Mediterranean Europe and Northern Africa Algeria, Morocco and the Canary Islands. Only the true Mastic tree, var. chia, has the true qualities that are desirable. It is true to its terroir and this variety grows well only in the specific area that has this perfect terroir, the southeast corner of the island of Chios, a Greek island in the Aegean Sea.

Endangered or Not: A tree called Mastic (species unknown) is considered critically endangered on the Cayman Islands. The Pistacia lentiscus is considered threatened and endangered.

General description of Plant habitat and growth: The Mastic tree, Pistacia lentiscus, is a flowering shrub with a strong smell of resin, a dioecious tree with separate male and female plants. It is an evergreen from 1 to 5 m high and grows in dry and rocky areas in Mediterranean Europe. The leaves are alternate, leathery, and compound with five or six pairs of deep-green leaflets but no terminal leaflet. It has very small flowers, the male flowers are vivid red with five stamens, the female green flowers with a 3-part style. The fruit is a drupe (a fleshy fruit with thin skin and a central stone containing the seed). It is first red and then black when ripe, about 4 mm in diameter.

The oleoresin is produced primarily in the secretory tissues of the bark of stems and branches.

“Mastic resin collecting is restricted to the southeastern corner of the island of Chios. The resin is collected by making small cuts made in the bark of the main branches and then allowing the trees to drip the sap onto the specially prepared ground below. The harvesting is done during the summer between July and October. After the Mastic is collected, it is washed manually and is set aside to dry, away from the sun, as it will start melting again.”³

Portion of the plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods and yields: Mastic is a resin, or more correctly an oleoresin containing a little oil, obtained from an evergreen dioecious shrub, Pistacia lentiscus L. This small bushy tree occurs throughout much of the Mediterranean region and is also found in North Africa. It produces the natural oleoresin from the trunk, which is obtained by wounding the trunk and larger branches with a gouge-like instrument which makes an incision about 2 cm long and 3 mm deep. Mastic occurs in yellow or greenish-yellow rounded or pear-shaped tears about 3 mm in diameter. The tears are brittle but become plastic when chewed. An essential oil is produced by steam distillation from the oleoresin or occasionally directly from the leaves and branches. 160-170 tonnes per annum from male plants on Chios.

[In Greece to get the Mastic from the Mastic tree, is very precise work and takes all summer. First, the ground around the tree is cleaned. After this, the tree is carved with a special needle to a depth of about 3 mm. Now the Mastic flows slowly from the tree. The first Mastic is collected after fifteen days when the Mastic has become more solid.]

The yield is 0.7-1 and occasionally up to 3% EO.

Organoleptic Characteristics of Mastic:
Color                           EO is pale yellow
Clarity                          Clear
Viscosity                      Very slightly viscous
Taste                           Bitter (We do not recommend ingestion-only chewing of the resin)
Intensity of odor         5

Intensity scale guide to gauge the Intensity of odor: On a scale of 1-10 if Usnea is a 1, Lavender a 2, and Tea Tree a 5 and Cinnamon or Massoia is 8; then Mastic is about 5-6 in intensity.

Odor Description/ Aroma Assessment: The Mastic odor is green, with strong smoky, herbaceous and fruity notes and hints of spice, citrus, conifer, wood and leather. Excellent to use in a gentleman’s fragrance or for a brunette woman.

Taste: I am at a loss to describe the taste of Mastic and have been chewing the gum and tasting the sweet for weeks, even years, for a valid description. I suggest that you give it a try as it is a very special savor, most memorable. It starts out floral and slightly bitter and then smooths its way to herbal and floral. Delicious!

GENERAL PROPERTIES of MASTIC:

The essential oil is produced by steam distillation from the oleoresin or occasionally directly from the leaves and branches. It is considered antimicrobial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic, astringent, expectorant and stimulant. Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) resin and EO has a plethora of qualities and uses. The resin is said to absorb cholesterol when masticated and is an antibacterial and acts as an oral antiseptic, tightens the gums, helps digestion, heals wounds and scientists recently discovered that when it is administrated in small doses it cures stomach ulcers. The EO is used to heal external skin problems.

Mastic varnish has been in use for thousands of years and primarily from the male trees and used to protect oil and watercolor paintings. The varnish is also used in lithography and cement for precious stones¹.

Properties and Uses: Gum Mastic is used in medicine, pharmaceutical products like medical creams, dental tooth paste, cures for ulcer; it is used in the paint industry, cosmetics, paint varnish, and in artist color oil. In the food industry gum Mastic is used in liqueurs, ice-cream, for pure Mastic gum, chewing gum and the most precious of all — Mastic EO. After the oil is removed a small very durable and pliable bit of chewing gum is left that lasts for a long time without disintegrating. This is the old Worlde chewing gum while Spruce and Pine gums were traditionally chewed in the USA and Canada.

It is suggested by Franchomme and Daniel Pénoël that Mastic EO can assist cardiovascular function. It also is useful as an inhalant for assisting bronchitis, coughs and colds, and application muscular aches and pains. An interesting oil.

**APPLICATION/ SKINCARE: GUM MASTIC (Pistacia lentiscus)**

Mastic is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin afflictions like burns and eczema, frostbite, cancers, as well as other external skin afflications, including the manufacture of plasters. Mastic EO is used in products as well both for this effect and its scent.

Skin Care Recipe
A teaspoon of any unscented cleansing creams with a slight drop of Mastic EO works well in cleansing the skin. Apply and gently massage into the skin for 10 seconds, then take a warm wet washcloth to warm the skin, then gently wipe. This is great in the morning as a wakeup ritual.
This is also considered to be rejuvenative.

Other Uses: Mastic is found in varnishes.

DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION: Since Mastic oil is from a resinous material it can be diffused by using a FanFuser on the scent disc but not from a glass-enclosed diffuser as the resin and will clog the diffuser. The scent should be used as an accessory odor not the primary odor.

Fan Diffuser

EMOTIONAL/ENERGETIC USE: Aleister Crowley considered Mastic to be pale yellow energetically and clean and free from prejudice whether for or against any moral idea. It is used in a ritual blend to intensify them and quicken their rate of vibration. Mastic is used as an incense for Pisces people.

HERBAL USE OF MASTIC: The Mastic fruit (berries) can be crushed to obtain an oil which is used in a liquor or they can be used whole to flavor sausages. The leaf and stem of the plants are burned to smoke meats. Masticha is often prepared in a liquid form, mixed with honey or sugar, and spooned into cold water as the main flavor for a refreshing drink. “In Greece it is mixed with sugar and water to form a thick white cream eaten by the spoonful with dark bitter coffee.” — 375 Essential Oils & Hydrosols.
Pistacia lentiscus is used occasionally as a chewing resin to improve the breath, prevent tooth decay and heal the gums.

Bathing: Francis Bacon’s prescription for a bath is as follows, “First, before bathing, rub and anoint the Body with Oyle, and Salves, that the Bath’s moistening heate and virtue may penetrate into the Body, and not the liquor’s watery part: then sit 2 houres in the Bath; after Bathing wrap the Body in a seare-cloth made of Masticke, Myrrh, Pomander and Saffron, for staying the perspiration or breathing of the pores, until the softening of the Body, having layne thus in seare-cloth 24 hours, bee growne solid and hard. Lastly, with an oynment of Oyle, Salt and Saffron, the seare-cloth being taken off, anoint the Body.” (cited by Classen, Howes & Synnott)

Culinary Use: “One typical spoon sweet is from the island of Chios called the ‘ipovrichio’ or submarine. It can be flavored with vanilla or is made from mastic resin, for which the Aegean island is famous. This is a sugary fondant to be served on a teaspoon and dipped into a glass of ice-cold water, thus why it is referred to as a submarine. Once you get your spoon submerged, the fondant softens, and you go to work licking the spoon like a fondant lollipop of sorts. This dessert is loved by children and adults alike. During the summer you will see people at the beach or cafeterias enjoying a submarine. Although as mentioned the typical flavors are vanilla and mastic, if you opt to make the sweet dessert at home, you can also add fresh berry juices to flavor and experience a glimpse of summertime traditions in Greece.”

Mastic – Tomato Tales

Mastic is a translucent sticky substance similar to tree sap, and when combined with sugar, lemon juice, and water is served on a spoon immersed in cold water. This is a special treat called a spoon sweet. In Greece this ‘spoon sweet’ specialty is called a Submarine. I find it delicious!

In 1993, I had a very formal 8-course meal for friends and for the 7^th course was a cheese course of Roquefort with Aromatherapy sweetmeats of Bergamot candied peels, Bitter Orange candied peels and Mastic sweet on Lavender Honey Thins with a delicious wine of Muscat de Beaumes de Venise. It was a very successful meal.

AROMATHERAPY SALONS

Years ago, I would have meetings in my home with women that I called “Aromatherapy Salons”. We would discuss various aromatic subjects, aromatherapy, essential oils and drink fragrant tea, have tea cookies and sweetmeats. (A sweetmeat is a delicacy, prepared with sugar, honey, or the like, as preserves, candy, or, formerly, cakes or pastry. Usually, they are any sweet delicacy of the confectionery or candy kind, as candied fruit, sugar-covered nuts, sugarplums, bonbons, or balls or sticks of candy) One of my favorites sweetmeats was to use the Mastic from Greece that came as a smooth sweet white cream; a small spoonful on a cookie with tea was delicious but it was especially tasty with bitter coffee.

•Chewing Mastic. In 2018 at a Resin Distillation Conference in Spokane, WA., I asked several well-known gum-chewers [thankyou Monica and Kendall] if they wanted to try Mastic. “Yes, of course” they said, but in fact they were unable to learn to chew it or even try past 30 minutes. This is great gum and can be chewed for 4 hours without losing its eponymous taste and it is good for the teeth.

And the occasional chewing of a Mastic ball will ease the pain of a tooth carie or cavity, act as a mouth antibacterial and has in the past been used as a temporary tooth filling. Remember this when you travel out of country to carry some Mastic resin with you; both to burn as a magical fragrant incense but also as a first aid remedy.

Really, we are forgetting some our simplest first-aid skills!

Chewing Mastic: Mastic is tasteless in a tasty way and a small tear (piece) can be chewed for hours without seeming to melt away. Since it does not have a strong taste, it doesn’t get tiring to chew like American chewing gum. I put a small tear in my mouth when writing this part of the article, slowly let it soften in my mouth and then chewed it a bit and still had it in my mouth three hours later. It was pleasant to chew. I also love Chicle but think I like Mastic more.

The taste is floral with a bitter edge. As you hold it in your mouth, saliva begins to flow which softens the Mastic, chewing becomes easier and the floral taste softens and becomes quite pleasant.

Key Use: Resin is a masticatory and also used to burn to cleanse spaces and EO in skin care.

Use the essential oils in moderation. Use the herb tea or resin when it is more appropriate.

Chemical Components: The main components were α-pinene (58.86–77.10%), camphene (0.75–1.04%), β-pinene (1.26–2.46%), myrcene (0.23–12.27%), linalool (0.45–3.71%), and β-caryophyllene (0.70–1.47%). These six components total more than 90% of the oil. Another source found (E)-methyl isoeugenol as well.

Physiochemical Properties from Guenther:
Specific Gravity at 15° is 0.857 to 0.903
Optical Rotation is +22°0’ to +35°0’
Refractive Index at 20° is 1.468 to 1.476
Solubility only sparingly soluble in 4-10 vol. of 90% alcohol. Up to 5 vol. are required for solution, which is not clear, turning opalescent to turbid on more addition of alcohol.

Blends Best with: Citrus scents, Lavender-fern combos as a top note and in floral odors. In perfume use the tincture as a fixative. I enjoy using Mastic in massage blends.

Jeanne Rose Formulas and Recipes for Mastic EO & Herb resin

I like to use Mastic EO & Herb resin in my Natural Perfumery class as a tincture and used as a fixative where it lends a subtle smoky note.

HYDROSOL: I do not as yet know a source for the hydrosol or its use. However, I postulate that the hydrosol would make a good antibacterial mouthwash.

PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol should be specifically distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.

HISTORICAL USES: The Mastic resin has been used for chewing since the time of Theophrastus, in relieving halitosis and as a filler for caries, and is also used in varnishes for oil pictures. It is also an ingredient in Ouzo. Ouzo is a high-proof drink whose production begins with distillation in copper stills of 96% alcohol by volume and herbs. Anise is added, sometimes with other flavorings such as Cardamom, Cinnamon, Cloves, Coriander, Fennel, Mastic, and Star Anise.

“In January 1992, National Geographic mentioned that Columbus, sent by Genoese traders to cash in on the money-making crop of Mastic, visited Chios at least once”. — The Aromatherapy Book.
The tear-shaped drops of Mastic gum are associated with Saint Isadoros, whose martyred body was dragged under a Mastic tree where it wept the resinous tears called Mastic. Church use for Mastic includes ritual burning as a resinous incense, not unlike Frankincense, and as an ingredient of chrism, a holy oil used for anointing by the various Orthodox Churches. Some sources identify this as resin with the Sun, but it is more like Mercury in that it is “-clarifying, quickening, brightening, and good for concentration. Smoldered 2-1 with rosemary, it is considered an aid to study, and is a good base for various types of incense for ceremonial magick.” —Alchemy-works.com.

Ancient Egyptians employed Mastic during their embalming procedures, while Biblical scholars believe that bakha—derived from the Hebrew term for weeping (and, thus, the tear-shaped pieces of Mastic gum)—was none other than the Mastic tree.

Medicine – People in the Mediterranean region have used Mastic as a medicine for gastrointestinal ailments for several thousand years. The first-century Greek physician and botanist, Dioscorides, wrote about the medicinal properties of Mastic in his classic treatise De Materia Medica Substances,”. In my personal volume, he says “the resin when drunk is good for old cough, for the stomach, and for ointments for the face. Being chewed it causes a sweet breath and strengthens the gums. The best, & most choice is that which is clear and white, dry and sweet-smelling.”

Interesting Information: It is believed that the Sardinian warbler [a bird] is only found near fruiting shrubs of this species [Mastic].².

MASTIC EXPERIENCE – JEANNE ROSE’S TOMATO TALES

AROMATHERAPY SALONS

Mastic resin pieces are also delicious when chewed like American chewing gum. It has a mild taste that is not lost after hours of chewing and it can be chewed for hours. The problem is that Mastic takes a few times to learn how to chew it as a small ball of resin needs to be soaked in the mouth first to get to perfect mastication texture. Then you need to roll it around in the mouth once in while so that it doesn’t stick to your fillings. In 2018 at a Resin Distillation Conference in Spokane, WA., I asked several well-known gum-chewers [thankyou Monica and Kendall] if they wanted to try Mastic. “Yes, of course” they said, but in fact they were unable to learn to chew it or even try past 30 minutes. This is great gum and can be chewed for 4 hours without losing its eponymous taste and it is good for the teeth.

Abstract/Scientific Data About the Gum Resin Mastic:

Researchers at Nottingham University hospital and Barnet General Hospital have found that Chios Mastic is an effective treatment for ulcers. The findings showed that even in small doses of one gram a day for two weeks, Mastic gum could cure peptic ulcers.

Regular consumption of Mastic resin has been proven to absorb cholesterol, thus easing high blood pressure and reducing the risk of heart attacks. It is also used in the manufacture of plasters. Mastic oil also has antibacterial and antifungal properties, and as such is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions.

In recent years, university researchers have provided the scientific evidence for the medicinal properties of Mastic resin. A 1985 study by the University of Thessaloniki and by the Meikai University discovered that Mastic can reduce bacterial plaque in the mouth by 41.5%. A 1998 study by the University of Athens found that Mastic oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties. A recent and extensive study showed that Mastic gum reduced H. pylori populations after an insoluble and sticky polymer (poly-β-myrcene) constituent of Mastic gum was removed and taken for a longer period of time. Further analysis showed the acid fraction was the most active antibacterial extract, and the most active pure compound was isomasticadienolic acid.

A balm was created from the Mastic tree resin for use by physicians in Biblical times.” — Wikipedia

Contraindications: Side effects of taking Mastic gum may include nausea, diarrhea, and constipation.

References:
Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Arctander. 1960
Aromatherapy Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose, San Francisco, California, 1992
Dioscorides. The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides. Translated in 1655 by Goodyer and printed in 1933.
Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Krieger Publishing. Florida. 1976
¹Langenheim, Jean H. Plant Resins • Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, Ethnobotany. Timber Press. 2003
²Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, California:
³Wikipedia – Mastic
Other References are included within the body of the work.

The Jeanne Rose Aromatherapy Studies Course these blog posts as well as much more information on the many aspects of essential oils, hydrosols, absolutes and aromatic ingredients for health and skin care.

~JR~

Endangered or not: Some of these plants are considered to be threatened and/or endangered due to heavy usage, people moving into the areas where they live and by over-tapping. The trees are dying each year and that they could be gone within 50 years.

Irritants: Some of the gums and resins can be quite irritating or sensitizing. Use the Patch Test before applying.

Do not Ingest essential oils: Although some oils are important flavoring oils in the flavor industry and thus ingested in very small amounts in many foods, especially meats and sausages, it is not a good idea to use them yourself either in capsules or honey to take internally.

Safety Precautions: Do not apply the essential oil neat, especially to the underarms or delicate parts of the body. Most resinous oils are probably not to be used on babies, children or pregnant women. Many aromatherapists suggest that there are some oils not be used at all. However, as with many plants, essential oil chemistry is subject to change depending on species and terroir.

Patch Test: If applying a new essential oil to your skin always perform a patch test to the inner arm (after you have diluted the EO in a vegetable carrier oil). —Wash an area of your forearm about the size of a quarter and dry carefully. Apply a diluted drop (1 drop EO + 1 drop carrier) to the area. Then apply a loose Band-Aid and wait 24 hours. If there is no reaction, then go ahead and use the oil in your formulas. —The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations, p. 64

DISCLAIMER: This work is intended for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for accurate diagnosis and treatment by a qualified health care professional. Dosages are often not given, as that is a matter between you and your health care provider. The author is neither a chemist nor a medical doctor. The content herein is the product of research and personal and practical experience. Institute of Aromatic & Herbal Studies – Jeanne Rose©

My only analyses of Mastic using the Advanced Vocabulary of Odor

**See Natural Perfumery Workbook to use. 2016.**

BENZOIN/STYRAX/STORAX

Sep25

BENZOIN/STYRAX/STORAX RESIN EO Profile
By Jeanne Rose ~ Sept. 2018

Synopsis ~ The balsamic gum-resins contains both resin and a water-soluble gum. The ‘tear’ has no scent and can be handled like a rock. The confusing names have to do with historical references but are clarified in the article by Jeanne Rose that gives botany, yields, history and more. Read on for differences in the two. Benzoin/Styrax/Storax

Styrax and Benzoin from 1972-2018 – photo by Jeanne Rose

Common Name/Latin Binomial: BENZOIN & STYRAX ~

Benzoin. (See also Styrax) BENZOIN is an Asian gum resin, Styrax benzoin. In its natural state, it is a ‘tear’ that is solid, has no scent, can be handled and rubbed and fondled like a small irregular rock. It is a called a resin and is extruded naturally from The Styrax Benzoin tree, Styrax tonkinensis, and other species of Styrax. In its raw state, it consists of both a gum and a resin, sometimes with a small amount of EO. It is not water-soluble, as you would think a gum is. It can be burned on smoke like any incense. It is a preservative in skin care products or an addition to essential oil blends. It can be diluted with essential oil blends or alcohol for perfumery purposes. The scent is sweet, balsamic, woody, fruity and floral – it acts as either a base note or a fixative in perfumery. Benzoin resin from Styrax is also called gum Benjamin or simply gum Benzoin and the most common Asian species is Benzoin styrax.

Tincture of benzoin is a strong and pungent solution of Benzoin resin in ethanol. “A similar preparation called Friar’s Balsam or Compound Benzoin Tincture contains, in addition, Cape aloes or Barbados aloes and Storax resin. Friar’s balsam was invented by Joshua Ward around 1760”. Friars Balsam cannot be substituted for Balsam of Peru/Tolu to my knowledge. See the comparison of chemicals later on in the paper.

This is the very confusing world of words as the words Benzoin, Storax, Styrax are used interchangeably but are actually two different resins from several different trees named Styrax and Liquidamber. This is where thousands of years of using common names will totally confuse the novice resin user and make you want to tear your hair out by the roots.

Storax is a sweet-smelling exudate (from a tree) and in fact that is what the root word from the Arabic means. The word ‘Storax’ often refers to the solid resin only while Styrax is the scent in liquid form. But Storax comes from several species of Liquidambar spp.; Turkish Storax is Liquidamber orientalis while American Storax is Liquidambar styraciflua is from the southeastern USA, Mexico and Guatemala, and is similar to L. orientalis. (See also Styrax)

Styrax (STYRAX & STORAX) ~ (See also Benzoin) Storax is the word usually used for Liquidambar orientalis from Asia & Styrax for Liquidambar styraciflua from Central America while Benzoin is a balsamic resin from Styrax tonkinensis from Siam and Sumatra. [yes, I know this is totally confusing]

>This is an example of 3 ancient trees producing a resin but from different terroir and having similar genus names but specific species names. The name’s the same but the plants are not. Always know your plants by their correct Latin binomial and even terroir<.>

Benzoin/Styrax/Storax Naming ~ Years ago, I wrote to Will Lapaz, the original owner of Eden Botanicals, in regards to the different looking Styrax/Benzoin that he had and I had and he responded as follows, “Styrax – which I prefer to call Liquidambar to keep it from being confused with Benzoin (even though it is still mostly known as Styrax in the industry) – is not very common and actually hard to find. Styrax we have is from L. styraciflua from Honduras and not the Levant Styrax (L. orientalis). This is one possible difference, it is worth noting that the two species do have significantly different chemical compositions. … It is a very viscous gum resin with an aroma that nearly matches airplane glue.” —Will Lapaz. Will goes on to say “I wanted to also mention (similar to Barbara’s note to you), that Herbs and Things was the very first herb book I ever bought and read back in the 70s. So, I guess that in some ways that book (and you by extension) helped to start me on a long study of medicinal plants, herbs and the quest for the perfect essence.”

Some of Jeanne Rose personal 50-year collection of Storax/Styrax

*More Common Name Information
This is an example of 3 ancient trees producing a resin but from different terroir and having similar genus names but specific species names. Always know your plants by their correct Latin binomial. Common names are common and similar to calling all brown-haired persons by the misnomer ‘Hey”.

Benzoin is also called Storax, not to be confused with the balsam of the same name obtained from another family. Although I have to admit it is most confusing and this is why you need to KNOW the Latin name and not just the common name.

Family name of the two main genus called

Benzoin/Styrax/Storax

Family Hamamelidaceae include Liquidamber species of Turkish or American Storax and sometimes it is called Styrax

Family Styracaceae include Styrax species of Benzoin and Tonkin ‘Styrax’ resin

red Siam gum benzoin

COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN

Family Styracaceae – many names to confuse you.
Benzoin – Styrax benzoin or the Asian gum resin, the most common Asian species and commonly from Sumatra. Styrax benzoin is also from more humid Asian species, reported from India, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and Malaysia

Styrax Benzoin tree – Styrax tonkinensis – gum resin from Thailand (Siam) and Sumatra.

Benzoin is also called ‘Storax’ and not to be confused with the balsam of the Storax obtained from the Liquidamber trees of the Hamamelidaceae family. Please refer to the paragraph above called *More Common Name Information.

Family Hamamelidaceae

Storax – Liquidamber spp). is a common name that often refers to the powder or resin used in potpourri.
Storax, Turkish – Liquidamber orientalis from Asia Minor, is called Levant Styrax or Turkish sweetgum.
Storax, American – Liquidamber styraciflua from Central America is also called Styrax.

Eden Botanicals Harvest Location ~ Benzoin (Styrax benzoin) originates in Sumatra and is an alcohol extracted dilution of 70% resin and 30% ethanol.

Styrax (Liquidamber styraciflua) is solvent-extracted using ethanol and originates in Honduras.

Endangered or Not ~ “worries that the Liquidambar orientalis forest in the Eastern Mediterranean (i.e. the private & State-owned forest centered in S.E. Anatolia in Turkey) is now greatly reduced through wood-felling and resin extraction, to the extent that Topal et al. 2008 say the species is facing extinction). Cropwatch can therefore no longer support the use of commodities from Liquidamber orientalis in perfumery.” —Cropwatch
Liquidamber (Storax) is facing extinction.
Benzoin is considered critically endangered by FloraFaunaWeb^4.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT HABITAT AND GROWTH, EXTRACTION ~

PORTION OF PLANT USED IN DISTILLATION, HOW DISTILLED, EXTRACTION METHODS AND YIELD ~
Liquidamber of the Hamamelidaceae family is a monoecious deciduous tree; and a cultivated ornamental with spectacular autumnal color. The oriental sweet gum L. orientalis is native to Asia Minor and forms large forests. The tree grows to a height of 20-40 feet, and some cases higher. The leaves are shiny bright green above and pale below. Styrax also called Storax, Liquidamber orientalis, the Levant Styrax is a natural balsam formed in the sapwood and bark tissue. The tree grows wild, the bark removed, and the sapwood is injured at intervals of several days, particularly in August and September but not in the rainy season.³ “The Styrax forms and is collected in cans below the wound and additionally the bark can be boiled to yield more of the precious substance. Water will collect at the bottom of the cans and needs to be removed.”¹

The American Styrax tree, Liquidamber styraciflua has two varieties with either 3-lobed leaves or 5-7-lobed leaves. The tree grows to 100 feet and the wood is hard, close-grained and reddish brown in color. “The balsam has been long used by (native Americans); after the conquest by Cortes, it was exported to Spain in large quantities for use both as perfume and as a vulnerary.”³(A vulnerary prevents tissue degeneration and arrests bleeding in wounds.) Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala produce the American Storax from L. styraciflua. “Here the balsam is a pathological product which exudes from the tree and accumulates in ‘pockets’ in older trees. Thus, incisions in the bark is not necessary.” — Steffen Arctander¹

Liquidamber yield: Very dependent on the source, process, and certainly quantity of water in the original product.
American Styrax, L. styraciflua, will yield from 15-20% from steam distillation of the resin.

***Liquidamber styraciflua –*USA**

“Benzoin trees are large and irregularly shaped. In addition, they are perennial, living in mixed or disturbed forests, flowers are insect-pollinated, it is propagated by seed, the foliage is spirally arranged with stalked leaves. Styrax benzoin trees, that have been cultivated and left to mature for at least six years are harvested for this resin. First, triangular cuts are made into the bark and this causes the resin flowing within to pool out of these incisions and harden very quickly upon coming into contact with the air. The quick drying factor, combined with the gravitational force of flow, often results in a teardrop-shaped knob of hard resin left dangling from the tree. Depending on the species of tree, the resin collected ranges in color from pale yellow to dark amber. Once tapped, most trees will continue to yield a flow of resin for another three years.” — I wish I could find the original source of this paragraph. The latest place I saw it is at https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-benzoin.htm

Benzoin yield: Very dependent on the source and process by which obtained. And the product is often only the alcohol-soluble resin.

Odor Description/ Aroma Assessment ~
Benzoin is considered an irritant. The scent is sweet, balsamic, woody, fruity and floral.
Styrax is an intense odor of pungent herb, hot tropical fruity subsidiary note with a back note that is animalistic and slightly civet-like. The scent is described by Guenther as a peculiar characteristic odor and a sharp, spicy taste. The eponymous scent is also resultant of the quantity of styrene which may boil off or change due to the age of the product.

“Des Esseintes proceeded to turn about and warm between his hands a ball of Styrax, and a very curious odour filled the room, a smell at once repugnant and exquisite, blending the delicious scent of the jonquil with the filthy stench of gutta-percha and coal-tar. …” Against the Grain by J. K. Huysmans

Benzoin and Styrax, Fortunately, I have enough supply of these odors from original sources to always be able to supply my perfumery with these powerful pure scents that were once easily available and are no longer.

Benzoin resin from Sumatra, alcohol extract courtesy of Eden Botanicals

The right nostril processes navigational related odors. And people favor the right nostril when detecting and evaluating the intensity of odors, hinting at a broader olfactory asymmetry. So, if you are lost and wish to get home or wish to know the intensity of a scent, sniff the air with the right side. Left nostril smells the scent and right-side nostril smells the intensity.

Smell left for scent, smell right for intensity and then waft to get the entire scent experience.

Key Use of Benzoin/Styrax/Storax ~ Perfumery. Styrax tonkinensis and Styrax benzoin from Thailand and Sumatra produces Benzoin for perfumery. Liquidamber spp. best use is as an odor fixative in perfumery.

Safety Precautions about Benzoin ~ The cruder the Benzoin the more potential to cause sensitization. “For those that do not know, sensitization is not just an irritation of the skin. It is an immune system response and can be temporary but can be with you for Life. Those that become cosmetic ingredient sensitized can have the most appallingly disfiguring skin conditions.” — Martin Watt

Safety Precautions about Storax (Liquidamber)~ Styrax also is apparently to be potentially abandoned by IFRA (International Fragrance Association) and is another aroma ingredient with an important place in the art of perfumery, being derived from a number of Liquidambar spp. including Liquidambar styraciflua L.; L. orientalis var. orientalis; L. orientalis var. integriloba & L. formosana.

GENERAL PROPERTIES

Properties and Uses ~ The properties are antiseptic and antibacterial. They are used for medicinal conditions and purposes. A tincture of Benzoin can be made from steeping the resin in an alcohol base and when administered as an inhalant, the tincture is said to be an effective natural cold remedy, as well as a treatment for bronchitis and other respiratory disorders.

In Mabberley’s Plant Book Benzoin is called styrax and properties are listed as above as well as for flavoring cigarettes and in ceremony. Some are cultivated ornamentals, S. officinalis a distinct variety in California has seeds used in beads. (this is interesting to me as I have one of these trees in my yard and have never seen it produce seeds).

“Liquidamber, is a valuable timber and aromatic balsam tree used in medicine and scent. L. orientalis is the source of the Levant Storax, and probably the balm (of Gilead) of the Bible”.²

Storax or Liquidamber spp. Is used as flavors, fragrances, and in pharmaceuticals called Friars Balsam as it has many uses. [Friars Balsam is a combination of Benzoin, Storax and Aloes]
American Storax resin (Liquidambar styraciflua) has also been chewed like gum to freshen breath and clean teeth.

**Symbols from The Aromatherapy Book showing that Benzoin/Styrax
can be a skin irritant and to dilute before use.**

Applications/ Skincare ~ When applied topically, the tincture of Benzoin is considered an excellent home remedy for a variety of skin disorders, including acne, psoriasis, eczema, and rashes. It was also used as an antiseptic to treat cuts, wounds, blisters, and even cold sores and ulcerations of the mouth and gums. In tropical America, Styrax tessmamanii crushed leaves are used against fungal infections of the feet. I have also read that application of tincture of Benzoin is used by the military in blister care — to drain a blister and attach the skin back to the body part and that it is called a ‘hot shot’ as it burns when applied.

Diffuse/Diffusion ~ Because the oils of Benzoin and Styrax are resinous they are not suitable for diffusion.

Emotional/Energetic Uses (AP or IN) ~ Jeanne Rose favorite use for Storax EO is simply by inhalation. This rich, resinous, sharp sweet scent is a reminder of my days in the laboratory at San Jose State University — my happy days there. For some it smells unpleasant with first smell but once it sits in your nose for a bit, the scent loses some of its sharpness and becomes rich and full.

In North Africa women burn Benzoin and Storax in broken pottery to access the divinity and for mystical purposes.

Benzoin AE & Styrax SE courtesy Eden Botanicals

Herbalism ~ In herbalism the compound tincture of Benzoin is already available in stores as it is difficult for a regular person to make it from the tears. Or, for perfumery the solvent-extracted absolute can be used diluted with alcohol. I use a 50•50 mix for perfumery. That means that I dilute the absolute with an equal amount of 95% neutral grape spirits. One can of course dilute it further for a less syrupy, less-viscous material that can be used in lotions or to preserve products (see Contraindications). A dilution of 30% absolute + 70% of the 95% alcohol will prolong a product and if this is about 10% of the total product then it acts as a preservative.

[I have mentioned Benzoin in various aspects in all of my books and assume that you know that it is a substance that leaks from a tree, solidifies and is sold as resin, is then treated and used in various ways. Benzoin also has been discussed many times — look at my books].

Burning Benzoin or Styrax Resin

Blends Best with ~ These two oils, Benzoin and Styrax blend with anything in the right proportion, especially spices like pepper, Clove and Nutmeg and Coriander and conifers like Cypress, Fir and especially with the citrus scents like Grapefruit and Litsea, herbal and woody odors like Atlas cedar and Tobacco and almost any rich floral odor such as Neroli, Osmanthus, Rose, Tuberose and Ylang-Ylang. Styrax is especially useful as a powerful bridge note in any Chypre formula (Labdanum and Oakmoss base) but the perfume needs to be aged before you decide whether you like the odor or not.

BLENDING with formula ~ I take my resin, either Benzoin or Liquidamber and dissolve it in neutral grape spirits before I use it in perfumery. Both are powerful fixative odor when used in perfumery, but I prefer Liquidamber as a fixative and Benzoin in Meditation blends.

A FLORAL CHYPRE PERFUME
Perfume with Styrax

Styrax can be hard to blend in a perfume because it takes TIME to integrate, sometimes as long as three months. So, if you make this perfume, make each note separately, then age for 2 weeks, then mix together as you wish, age again for 2 weeks, and lastly add the Styrax as a Bridge note. See the blog post for more information. https://jeanne-blog.com/gourmet-perfumery/

Styrax resin diluted 50•50 … Styrax (Liquidamber styraciflua or orientalis) is an aromatic balsam formed and exuded by the Storax tree when the sapwood is injured. The American Storax is preferred over the Asian or Levant type. See p. 108 of Herbs & Things. Take a small quantity of Styrax and dilute equally with neutral grape spirits. It will now be more fluid and easier to work with.

Benzoin/Labdanum Base Scent or Accord

Dilute each of your Benzoin and Labdanum 50•50 with neutral grape spirits.
Let the above age and meld for a week.
Take 12 drops of Benzoin (50•50) and 3-4 drops of (50•50) Labdanum and mix together. Age it for 1-week.

After it ages, you can add equal amount of grape spirits to make a 25% pure scent base to be used as a fixative or part of the base note.

HYDROSOL ~ I have not as yet seen or used any product that was called Benzoin/Storax or styrax hydrosol.
PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol should be specifically distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.

STYRAX for Mounting Laboratory Slides.

Styrax was introduced as a mounting medium in 1883. Originally Styrax was used in the laboratory to mount microscopic animals on slides. They were fixed with alcohol or acetic acid and mounted in Styrax. Styrax has been used to mount all microscopic creatures onto glass slides and fix them so that they do not deteriorate. “Mount in Styrax. Unlike Euparal, this has a refractive index which is markedly different from that of siliceous diatom frustules and makes them stand out very clearly. At stage (4) single specimens can be selected and mounted individually if required.” — Techniques for the rapid preparation of permanent slides of microscopic algae by P.E. Brandham

Liquidamber Styrax ~ courtesy of Eden Botanicals

STYRAX ~ A TOMATO TALE

In the late ‘50s when I was at University as a Zoology major, I was keeper of the animal room (a euphemism I will explain at some later time) and I also used to collect my own invertebrate specimens from the sea near Santa Cruz, come home and then mount them onto slides. The best place to do this was in the basement of the University. There was a hot furnace for the glass-blowing studio and a very large cage of cockroaches across the room so that the bugs could enjoy the warmth. The furnace was very hot and warmed the entire basement, and the cockroaches were both amazingly smelly as well as noisy as they hissed constantly. I would first blow my own glass collecting tubes that would fit the tiny invertebrate creatures I had collected and then remove the cellular water by certain preservation techniques and then mount them onto glass slides – it was a Special Project. These small bits of animalia were placed on the slide and then fixed with Styrax and a cover slip placed atop. This scent will always remind me of my days in a science lab.

“The small creatures are fixed in 1:3 acetic alcohol, the coverslip immersed rapidly. Care should be taken not to overcrowd the cells and then they are mounted in Styrax. Owing to its content of high boiling constituents, Styrax acts as a most efficient odor fixative.” The oil is still used to fix slides and also used in all kinds of perfume compounds, particularly those of oriental character.

This is one of my most favorite evocative odors, when I smell the strong spicy, herbaceous and oily, aldehydic odor I am wafted directly back to the science lab at San Jose State University in 1957. For me, it is a relaxing luscious scent when used in modest amounts in a perfume, especially those of the Chypre sort. Here is one of my favorite early potpourri scents and bases since 1969.

Use this potpourri in closets or drawers to scent your belongings.

“Chypre: An important perfume in Roman times manufactured in Cyprus and made of Storax, Labdanum and Calamus, giving it a heady, oriental aroma. The style of perfume continued to be manufactured in Italy into the Middle Ages under a variety of formulas, retaining the name ‘Chypre’, and was also produced in France under the name of ‘Cyprus Powder’ with Oakmoss as a base. In 17th and 18th century-France there was a fashion for small models of birds, known as ‘Oiselets de Chypre’, molded out of Chypre perfume paste (one recipe required Benzoin (Benjamin), cloves, cinnamon, calamus and gum Tragacanth as ingredients) and contained in ornate hanging cages. —”The Perfume Handbook” by Nigel Groom:

BENZOIN Limerick
Benzoin is not very pretty
But it is a good smell for those in the city
It is brown
You put it down.
And it smells like vanilla, that’s the pity. —jeannerose2018

Benzoin ~ A Tomato Tale

From 1961 to 1969 I had this great Dane dog named George. He was a blue Dane and came from Kalmar Kennel in Georgia. He was kind, faithful and traveled with me everywhere. In those days, I had a 1956 white Thunderbird convertible. He was quite a sight in that car riding in the front seat. He was my first aromatherapy dog. George like all Great Danes lie about on their doggy elbows a lot and these elbows get all calloused and wrinkled, the hairs can get ingrown and the flesh sometimes really sore and irritated and sometime soft and mushy. If the callus breaks open, the dog’s skin is compromised and might get infected. For this dog, I obtained tincture of Benzoin (gum Benzoin liquified with alcohol) and would apply it to his elbows. This toughens the skin. The Benzoin would be applied in tincture form and when the alcohol vaporized, the Benzoin which is a resin would form a solid film over the callus and protect the skin. This would act both as a protectant as well as an antibacterial. This worked really well for him and I continued to use Tincture of Benzoin for this purpose when I moved back to San Francisco and Big Sur in 1963 and until he was gone.

A recipe for Dog Elbow Cream by Jeanne Rose

Big dogs lie on their elbows and these can develop blisters and sores. To soothe this, you can make a soothing cream for the elbow. Make an application with 90% Olive Oil, 9% Calophyllum and 1% tincture of Benzoin.

To enhance the healing effects, take Olive oil and infuse or macerate for three days with the three important “C” herbs of herbalism (Chamomile flowers, Calendula flowers, Comfrey root or leaf), press out the oil and remove the herbs to your compost. To the infused oil add 9% Calophyllum oil and 1% of tincture of Benzoin and then solidify with Beeswax. [salves are easy to make, and you will find exact recipes in my books and Herbal Studies Course). This will soothe your dog’s elbow skin, moisturize and condition it.

Historical Uses ~ Storax has been mentioned in ancient writings by many authors including Theophrastus, Aristotle and Herodotus. They were some of the first ones to mention the Storax tree and its balsam. In Greek, Styraciflua refers to “styrax or styrakos” which was the ancient name for a tree that produced a fragrant fumy resin that was called Storax by both Pliny and Vergilius. It means a point, spike, or maybe the spike at the lower end of the shaft of a spear.

My copy of Plinie’s Natural History – 1601

Pliny in his Natural History (Chapter XVIII. Paragraph C, page 371) notes the use of Storax as a perfume, saying, “Out of Syria they bring backe Storax, with the acrimonie & hot smell whereof, being burnt upon their herths, they put by and drive away the loathfomneffe of their owne odors, wherewith they are cloyed: for the Arabians ufe no other fuell at all for their fires, but fweetwood”…Ciris mentions Storax as a fragrant hair dye. Dioscorides (De Materia Medica) reports its use as incense, similar to frankincense, having expectorant and soothing properties.

Interesting Information ~ The Storax of the ancients was probably extracted from a different tree, seemingly from the Liquidambar orientalis which grows wild in northern Syria and may even have been grown in Israel; from it is extracted an aromatic sap with healing qualities called Storax liquidis. This may possibly be the biblical balm, though other sources conclude that the biblical balm is Opobalsamum.

Chemical Components ~ Purified Storax contains circa 33 to 50% storesin, an alcoholic resin, both free and as cinnamic esters. Contains 5 to 15% cinnamic acid, 5 to 15% cinnamyl cinnamate, circa 10% phenylpropyl cinnamate; small amounts of ethyl cinnamate, benzyl cinnamate, and styrene, some may contain traces of vanillin. Some sources report a resin containing triterpenic acids (oleanolic and 3-epioleanolic acids). —Wikipedia

Styrax has free cinnamic acid and thus IFRA requirements to produce a skin-neutral product devoid of free cinnamic acid, have resulted in main ingredients being chemically treated that are not as pleasant in scent as they once were. In my opinion, if the distinctive scent is gone then it is not Storax and it need not be used in the perfumery.

Physicochemical Properties: Oil of Styrax, Liquidamber, of family Hamamelidaceae has a lovely peculiar odor. The properties vary with the method of distillation used.

Solubility – soluble in ½ vol. of 80% alcohol, opalescent in 10 vol. of 80% alcohol. Some oils with a high percentage of esters is less soluble.

Specific Gravity – 0.89 to 1.06

THIS IS A VERY ROUGH CHART OF THE CHEMICALS IN THESE COMPOUNDS
If you can improve on it, please let me know.

Abstract/Scientific Data: this is an interesting collection of notes regarding Benzoin.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/benzoin#section=Top

Contraindications: Storax resin is “generally regarded as safe” (GRAS), but at low levels, for example, circa 15 ppm in candy and 25 ppm in baked goods.

Do not Ingest essential oils: Although some oils are important flavoring oils in the flavor industry and thus ingested in very small amounts in many foods, especially meats and sausages, it is not a good idea to use them yourself either in capsules or honey to take internally.

Safety Precautions in General ~ Do not apply the essential oil neat, especially to the underarms or delicate parts of the body. Most oils are not to be used on babies, children or pregnant women. Many aromatherapist suggest that there are some oils not be used at all. However, as with many plants, essential oil chemistry is subject to change depending on species and terroir.

Patch Test: If applying a new essential oil to your skin always perform a patch test to the inner arm (after you have diluted the EO in a vegetable carrier oil). —Wash an area of your forearm about the size of a quarter and dry carefully. Apply a diluted drop (1 drop EO + 1 drop carrier) to the area. Then apply a loose Band-Aid and wait 24 hours. If there is no reaction, then go ahead and use the oil in your formulas. —The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations, p. 64

> USE THESE RESINS/OILS FOR YOUR HEALTH AND WELLBEING.

Use them for physical health ~
Use them moderately and occasionally to balance and heal emotional trauma ~
Use them less frequently to ground yourself and to find awareness of your spiritual center ~
Use the whole plant resin first as an incense ~
and the essential oil/resinoid as a second choice ~
~ be a Conscious consumer, ecologically thoughtful ~

Alchemical symbol for healing

Sustainability: These items may not be sustainable in the amounts that are being used. My suggestion is to use only the actual resin as it was once meant to be, as incense, in small moderate amounts as needed and not use the essential oil at all.

References:
¹Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. 1960.
²Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
³Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. 1952
⁴https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/Special-Pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=4752
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose. 2017 edition. San Francisco, California
https://www.edenbotanicals.com/liquidambar-styrax.html
Jaeger, Edmund C. A Source-book of Biological Names and Terms. 1955.
Plinie’s. Natural History. My translation and book dated 1601.
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. North Atlantic Books. 2000:

DISCLAIMER: This work is intended for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for accurate diagnosis and treatment by a qualified health care professional. Dosages are often not given, as that is a matter between you and your health care provider. The author is neither a chemist nor a medical doctor. The content herein is the product of research and personal and practical experience. Institute of Aromatic & Herbal Studies – Jeanne Rose©

Please leave your comments and questions here at the blog and not at Jeanne Rose FB page or website. /courses.html

Amber EO/Resin Profile

Jun28

AMBER Resin/EO Profile

By Jeanne Rose ~ 2/17/16 & 18

Synopsis: Amber oil fossilized resin to use in perfumery, fragrant rich
and a detailed odor with growth description and chemistry.

Common Name/Latin Binomial ~ Amber Resin/Oil Fossilized. This is probably Pinus succinifera, L, Family of Family Pinaceae.

“THE chemical composition of succinite (Baltic amber), its botanical origin, and methods of distinguishing it from other fossil resins, are long standing questions, the third of which has been largely solved in recent years by infrared spectrometry. In his survey, Langenheim emphasizes the botanical origin and the strong hold which Conwentz’s postulated amber source Pinus succinifera has had over subsequent workers.” —https://www.nature.com/articles/239527a0 and Langenheim, Plant Resins.

Other Common Name/Naming Information ~ The name Oleum succini is a name that simply means ‘oil amber’ and is a name given by the Pharmacopeia and not a true Latin binomial. It can be considered a ‘common name’ that you would recognize in old books.

Family ~ Pinaceae

Countries of Origins ~ Amber Resin is native to Europe, Himalayas, China and Siberia naturalized worldwide.
The so-called Amber Resins being sold in many stores are not resins at all although there may be some resin, oleoresins, or fractions of resins in them. (Labdanum is an oleoresin, for instance.) No manufacturer of these very smelly items will give out their recipe or ingredient list. They truly are highly guarded secrets. They probably are all fragrant amber resins because they contain at least some synthetics of one kind or another.

There is an amber oil (from Amber resin) that is destructively distilled from Baltic amber (fossilized tree resin) – and very hard to one that is real. Destructive distillation yields a product from a 50,000-year-old piece of fossilized pine resin. True Amber oil is from a fossilized resin to use in perfumery, fragrant rich and a detailed odor with growth description and chemistry.

Eden Botanicals Harvest Location ~ Fossilized Amber Oil is dry distilled and refined from Amber originating in the Himalaya Mountains near China. Mined not cultivated.

Endangered or Not ~ Not at this time

General description of Plant habitat and growth ~ The origin of amber (amber resin) is somewhat uncertain; it is believed to be a fossil resin, produced by the hardening of the resinous exudates of largely extinct trees of the Coniferae family. (King’s American Dispensatory, 1898, by Harvey Wickes Felter, M.D., and John Uri Lloyd, Phr. M., Ph. D.) EB Amber oil is produced from fossilized tree resin from 35-million-year old Himalayan fossilized tree resin.

Our product (Eden Botanicals) is mined and not cultivated.

Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods and yields ~ This is a fossilized tree resin from trees millions of years old produced by dry distillation where the amber resin is processed over high heat until an oily substance is obtained.

Yield: I have been unable to find a documented yield for Amber oil from resin.

Organoleptic Characteristics

	Color:	dark brown to red
	Clarity:	opaque
	Viscosity:	viscous
	Taste:	bitter
	Intensity of Odor: 1-10 with 1= lowest	2-3 Bergamot & Amber =2; Rose Geranium = 4; Tea Tree= 6

Odor Description/ Aroma Assessment: Smoky, resinous, leathery, woody-dry with a hint of green and low intensity but with great tenacity.

GENERAL PROPERTIES

Properties and Uses ~ Calming and thought by many to be healing.

This is a very specialized product that as a resin has been used medicinally but of the dry distillation the oily scent product is mainly used by inhalation for calming and uplifting and in perfumery. The resin and oil are used for emotional healing and in perfumery.

Jeanne Rose Uses ~ I have used the Amber oil as a general fixative in perfumery and as a low intensity base note in perfume. It lends a sweet quality to men’s cologne and works very well with smoky notes like Labdanum in Chypre perfumes.

I do not do an inhalation with the oil and prefer to burn a bit of the resin over charcoal as an incense. I do this outside and watch the smoke curl into the sky as a ritual act – to feed the gods. Using rough stone of the Baltic Amber, it burns with a resinous and conifer ‘pine-like’ scent.

Prayer or paternoster beads made from Amber have a long history.Amber Rosary beads with handmade linen thread – personalized

Application/ Skincare ~ I do not see the need to use this lovely product in any skin care formula although it could add something to a skin care odor if you use less than 5% in the scent blend and the scent blend is no more than 1.5% of the total. This becomes a most tiny portion of the total.

Diffuse/Diffusion ~ Do not diffuse

Emotional/Energetic Uses ~ Amber is alive, it is electric. The addition of this oil in a fragrant perfume blend will add an emotional component that is soothing but also uplifting. This is an ancient scent and could be used in meditation. Use only a tiny drop of the diluted Amber on a piece of cotton or cotton swab. Inhale lightly and meditate or do your yoga. Think of your ancient self.

Resin itself exudes from a plant to heal the wound and thus you can say that the energetic use of Amber to ‘heal that which is broken’.

Key Use ~ Perfumery

PERFUMERY

BLENDING with formula – True Amber oil is a pleasant addition to any high-end perfumery project especially as a bridge note or in the base note but not accord. Amber oil is soluble in alcohol. See perfume formula below.

Blends Best with ~ Angelica, Balsam of Peru, Cedarwood (Cedrus spp.), Champaca, Cinnamon bark, Cacao, Balsam fir, Rose Geranium, Jasmine, Labdanum, Liquidamber Styrax, Patchouli, Rose, Sandalwood of any kind, Tobacco, Tuberose, Vanilla, Vetiver, Ylang Ylang.

HYDROSOL: None known

PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol should be specifically distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.

Amber bracelets, Amber oil, Amber succinite from China

Historical Uses: Amber has been appreciated for its color and beauty in medicine and jewelry since Neolithic times (10,000 BC). The origin of amber is somewhat uncertain; it is believed to be a fossil resin, produced by the hardening of the resinous exudates of largely extinct trees of the Coniferae family. The excellent author, Jean Langenheim in her fantastic book, Plant Resins, has much to say on this resin as it has been known and through a lengthy geologic time. Sources of Amber include the Dominican Republic in the Newe Worlde and the “Baltic area of the Olde Worlde. It exists all over the world in many countries, although the Baltic amber constitutes the largest and most widespread deposition of amber in the world¹.”^.

“It is not strictly true that there are no pure amber oils. There is an amber oil that is destructively distilled from Baltic amber (fossilized tree resin) – although it is rare and hard to get – and very hard to find a real one that was distilled properly. It is not an essential oil (in my book) and so I will still maintain that there is no true amber essential oil. How can you distill an essential oil from a 50,000-year-old piece of fossilized pine resin? Destructive distillation may yield oil but not an essential oil as we are used to using the term.” — Will in 2010.

•

Interesting Information: The Amber that is sold as EO is a unique substance that is mined and dry-distilled.

Physiochemical Properties

Chemical Components ~ The oil is a Complex one consisting of 41% essential oil components and 59% artifacts from the distillation process and the extreme age of the original fossilized resin.
Solubility –Soluble in alcohol and recommended to use at 5% or 5 parts Amber oil to 95 parts of 95% neutral grain or grape spirits.
Solubility in water: insoluble
Soluble in alcohol and fixed oils.
Specific Gravity: 1.011 +/-0.002
Refractive Index: 1.5066 +/- 0.001
Comparison of Main Components ~Cadalene, Calamenene-cis, Calamenene-trans, Calacorene, Calamenene-5-hydroxy-cis

Abstract/Scientific Data: A Brief Exposition of the Science of Mechanical Electricity: Or Electricity Proper; Subsidiary to the Course of Chemical Instruction in the University of Pennsylvania … by Robert Hare, J.G. Auner. 1840

Contradictions: There are many fragrant products called ‘amber’. Most are made from a combination of EO that include Benzoin or Styrax and any number of other scents. Read your label carefully. If it says ‘fragrant oil’ or ‘fragrance’ you can be sure the product is a synthetic version of what you truly want. It is best that you not use these products.

Eden Botanical amber is the dry distillation of the mineralized amber and is safe to use.

Safety Precautions: Do not ingest, do not inhale the vapor. Frequent contact may cause sensitization.

Patch Test: If applying a new essential oil to your skin always perform a patch test to the inner arm (after you have diluted the EO in a vegetable carrier oil). —Wash an area of your forearm about the size of a quarter and dry carefully. Apply a diluted drop (1 drop EO + 1 drop carrier) to the area. Then apply a loose Band-Aid and wait 24 hours. If there is no reaction, then go ahead and use the oil in your formulas. —The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations, p. 64

Do not ingest EO.

References:
^1.Langenheim, Jean H. PLANT RESINS, Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, Ethnobotany. Timber Press. 2003
Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. North Atlantic Books. 2000:
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose .2015 edition. San Francisco, California

DISCLAIMER: This work is intended for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for accurate diagnosis and treatment by a qualified health care professional. Dosages are often not given, as that is a matter between you and your health care provider. The author is neither a chemist nor a medical doctor. The content herein is the product of research and personal and practical experience. Institute of Aromatic & Herbal Studies – Jeanne Rose©

Amber ~ March-2014

Amber at the end of a life,
Is akin to a stubborn wife.
One day she’s nice
The next she’s rife
With the specter of an angry life.

Labdanum/Cistus Resin_EO_Hydrosol

Jun24

Synopsis ~ Labdanum and Cistus are not the same, but they come from the same plant and both have important use in perfumery – both with a luscious fragrant rich scent. This profile provides a detailed description with growth, description, chemistry, odor and uses.

LABDANUM/Cistus Resin & EO/Hydrosol Profile
By Jeanne Rose ~ July 2018

Cistus ladanifer – the plant that produces Cistus oil and Labdanum resin

INTRODUCTION: Labdanum and Cistus. This plain plant with its wondrous resin has been one of my favorites since I first learned of it back in 1969. I knew of Cistus as a plant growing in the San Francisco Arboretum but here in San Francisco it has very little odor as it doesn’t get hot enough. One day, some time ago, in June when it was clear, sunny and very hot I rubbed the leaves and they were sticky and fragrant. That is when I began to study it in my antiquarian herbals, one of which I had acquired back in 1970 (Dioscorides). How can anyone ignore a plant that was once harvested from the wool of goats?

COMMON NAME/LATIN BINOMIAL: CISTUS and LABDANUM are two products of the Cistus ladanifer (syn. ladaniferous) plant. Cistus is the essential oil distilled from the leaves and twigs of the same plant that produces the resin called Labdanum that is scraped from the leaves. Other Cistus species that are also used for Cistus EO and Labdanum resin include Cistus creticus and the subspecies incanus).

Family: Cistaceae is a family of perennial shrubs, flowering plants, found on dry and rocky soil with about 20 species.

Other Common Name/Naming Information: Cistus is from the Greek and simply means Rock rose because they frequent rocky-places, and this is a common name that is given to several other species of plants as well. The common Greek name is simply ladan. Cistus ladanifer is also called the gum Rockrose and the resin also called Ladanum.

Naming misinformation: Some people misspell and misuse the word Laudanum for Labdanum. Laudanum (a ‘u’ not a ‘b’) is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight (the equivalent of 1% morphine). Reddish-brown and extremely bitter. Labdanum (with a ‘b’ not a ‘u’) is the resin from the plant Cistus.

COUNTRIES OF ORIGINS: Portugal, Morocco, Spain and the Canary Islands.

Eden Botanicals Harvest Location: Spain and my Cistus hydrosol is from Portugal.

ENDANGERED OR NOT: On the list of threatened plants.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT HABITAT AND GROWTH: Cistus ladanifer is an evergreen shrub and grows quickly to a height of about 5 feet and 3+ feet wide. They are thermophilous plants, meaning heat-loving and which require open, sunny places. It likes dry granitic hills with sandy well-drained soil and can tolerate heat, drought and sea exposure. It flowers in June, and though the flowers have both male and female parts, it is self-incompatible as the pollen can germinate and obstruct the stigma. Some books suggest that it is self-fertile. The plant is bee-pollinated. The flowers are white or pink with a simple structure. Cistus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some butterfly species. The petals are papery and crumpled, most commonly pure white, with numerous bright yellow stamens in the center and there is also a form which has a dark purple or crimson blotch at the base of each petal. The leaves are elongated and covered with glandular trichomes that secrete a viscous gummy balsam that exudes when it is hot. Because of the content of pinene, the plant is quite flammable, possibly can self-ignite, and is responsible for some serious fires. Spain is a leading producer of Labdanum.

PORTION OF PLANT USED IN DISTILLATION, HOW DISTILLED, EXTRACTION METHODS AND YIELDS:

There are four Labdanum products of the Cistus plant + one Cistus steam-distillate from the leaves and twigs: the gum collected from the leaves and twigs during the hottest time of the year; the resinoid produced by treating the gum with hot alcohol and concentrating it; the EO collected from the steam-distillation of the crude gum; and the concrete and absolute of Labdanum which are extracted by volatile solvents.

Labdanum resin is obtained by collecting and boiling the twigs in the spring and early summer, skimming off the resin as it comes to the surface. “Labdanum Absolute is obtained by solvent extraction of the resin – and is very much different in scent and color and viscosity from steam distilled Cistus essential oil from the leaves. The changing climate conditions, such as chilly early springs with very high summer temperatures, is contributing to lower yields, has reduced chemical complexity and increased the costs for the growers/collectors. However, both Labdanum and Cistus extractions result in intense, powerful aromas, used in very low percentages.” Yield: 0.1% – 0.2%

For Cistus essential oil, direct steam distillation of the young twigs and leaves produces the traditional quality essential oil of Spanish Cistus. The distillation yield is very low, only around 0.1% of the fresh plant.
Yield: Results are discussed from 0.1% to 0.3%.

ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS:

Odor Description/ Aroma Assessment:

Cistus EO has a peculiar, warm, fruity-floral scent, herbaceous and notes of moss, camphor, powder and leather-hay odor that is intense but less tenacious than Labdanum and is used with Lavender in spicy men’s products.

_____Labdanum has a rich, tenacious, but not intense odor of sweetness, smoky-woody, leather, powder, earthy-moss, with back notes of honey-animalic, floral with fruity overtones. It is an odor loved by me, by many and extraordinarily useful in many types of perfume application. It recalls the odor of ambergris and is in fact used as a vegetable substitute for ambergris in a perfume base note or as a fixative. The odor is tenacious in a blend but not intense, it lends a subtle richness to any perfume you use it in.

GENERAL PROPERTIES

Labdanum was historically known and used in herbal medicine for 1000s of years and is still used in the preparation of perfume. Cistus is considered antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-arthritic.

Cistus essential oil distilled from the leaves and twigs is considered a wound healer and as with most essential oils it has antiviral and antibacterial properties. Inhale the oil for a possible boost to the immune system and to reduce colds and infections resulting from the flu.

Cistus EO in the Arctander book

Labdanum is the sticky brown resin obtained from the shrubs Cistus ladanifer (western Mediterranean) and Cistus creticus (eastern Mediterranean), species of rockrose. It has a long history of use in herbal medicine and as a perfume ingredient.

Properties and Uses:

Cistus leaf tea is useful for children illness such as whooping cough and for adults for general all-over body inflammation.

Cistus tea is used as a treatment for Lyme Disease. The conclusion of the study, showed that to date, clinical work with wild harvested pure Sardinian Cistus tea and whole leaf Stevia is the least invasive yet most effective treatment for Lyme disease and many other modern chronic illnesses, caused by persistent and hidden infections. For more information read “Dr. Klinghardt Biological Lyme Protocol” at the Klinghardt Institute page. See the entire article at https://kiscience.com/sardinian-cistus-incanus/

Application/Skincare Uses: Cistus EO and tea has great application in skin care, particularly oily skin, acne skin and irritated skin. Use it in your lotions, other creams and clay masks using white clay. It is used for mature skin, wrinkles and the EO as an inhalant for coughs and bronchitis.

Cistus Anti-Wrinkle Lotion, a recipe by Jeanne Rose

I like to purchase an 8-oz bottle of pre-made unscented lotion with organically grown ingredients and then add my own special additions. If the lotion is thick I will thin it with some Rosemary or Cistus hydrosol until it is the texture that I like. Then I add 5 drops of Cistus EO to an ounce of my thinned lotion. I add the drops and with a long narrow thin wooden spoon, I stir in the EO, stirring around and around, up and down, figure 8 round and round. This is a sing-song that I do until the EO and hydrosol is thoroughly incorporated into the lotion. I only make an ounce at a time as it is easy to do and keeps the balance of the lotion fresh to make something else with. I apply this Cistus Lotion alternately with the Elemi/Galbanum Lotion every evening before bed.
https://jeanne-blog.com/elemi-resin-herb-eo/

• • •

Emotional/Energetic Uses (AP or IN): Labdanum is used by inhalation and is considered to have a powerful ability to bring up past lives and past or buried memories. It is very helpful in ritual work.

Diffuse/Diffusion: Do not diffuse Labdanum as it is a sticky resin and even the steam-distilled product has the ability to gum up your diffusor. I suggest that you learn to use this substance in other ways and use the Labdanum and the Cistus essential oil in your perfumes.

HYDROSOL USES ~ Cistus hydrosol is available and just a wonderful product to use. It is bright and fresh and cleansing to the skin. I get mine from “Naturalness” in Portugal and it is available through them. This wonderful product is harvested using the stems and the leaves in the early morning until noon using pure gravity supplied water from a stream and steam-distillation. Use it as a spray after putting on make-up to set it, or on your clothes that have been crushed in a suitcase to freshen them or on the pillows before sleep. You can also carry it in your purse to spray on utensils before you use them and on hair or hands to refresh them. I am particularly fond of Cistus hydrosol.

The distiller recommends it : Cistus hydrosol is a powerful but gentle astringent. It is used as a daily toner for extremely oily, acne-prone, or irritated skin. For dry skin, only use as a 20% solution with other hydrosols or distilled water.

PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol should be specifically distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.

HERBAL USES ~ “The use of the Cistus incanus has a long history and can be traced back to the 4th century BC. In the Middle East, northern Africa and the European Mediterranean region the Cistus incanus was enjoyed as a wellness tea for breakfast and indeed right throughout the day as a drink for relaxing after a strenuous day. When guests arrived, it was common to offer a freshly boiled pot of the Cistus tea. “The knowledge of the benefits of this tea were passed on late into the middle Ages.”³

See above for reference to the use of Cistus leaf tea as a treatment for Lyme disease.

JEANNE ROSE’S TOMATO TALES

A Personal Story of Labdanum

Labdanum resin/resinoid/absolute/EO is a favorite of mine and when I teach Perfumery classes I encourage the students to use my absolute that dates back to 1969. We make an old perfume called Chypre in the class. See formulas at the end and read my Natural Perfumery booklet.

Years ago, about 1970, I made a mixture of Labdanum resin that I had read in an old herbal that also used Benzoin and Storax with Civet, spike Lavender and spices. It was to be inhaled to ‘comforte the brain’. It looked interesting and certainly doable and whose brain does not need a certain amount of comforting. I found it was like playing with mud and very messy. I wrote about this in my first book, Herbs & Things, and if you want to try it, there are two recipes on pages 153-154.

These raw resins can stick almost permanently to everything. If you make it … “keep one mortar and pestle aside just for this type of recipe or for any recipe that calls for the heating of ‘beating’ of a resin. It was nearly impossible to roll the combination into a ball especially with the stinky civet, so I finally dipped my hands into the powdered Benzoin and Storax (sort of like dipping your hands into flour to roll out bread or cookie dough) and rolled the resin around. This gooey mess stuck very tenaciously to my hands and it took two days to wash it all off, but at least now I had a ball of resin. I then pierced the ball with a bodkin (big blunt needle with big eye) and hung it from a string.

It immediately oozed away from the string, plopped to the ground, and proceeded to ooze amoebically about the floor, peeling up paint as it went. It was then that I finally realized the exact nature of this pomander. It was and is ever-flowing and takes on the shape of whatever object it is on or in. I captured the now pancake-shaped resin, rolled more Storax into it and put in on the ledge above a window. Within a day it had migrated off the shelf and down the wall. It smelled deliciously but it left a trail of black resin (rather like the slime trail of a snail). Again, I captured it and this time rolled it up and stuck it in the freezer, to freeze. After thinking about it for some time I let it out of the freezer and put it immediately into a small black leather bag. We call it the Mental-Health Bag. The more you massage the bag, the more it smells, the better you feel, and the more powerful and tranquilizing its effect on the brain.”¹ — Herbs & Things.

And I still have this fragrant Bag of Mental Health creeping around after 47 years.

Chemical Components: Comparison of Main Components: “The main components were α‐pinene (39%), viridiflorol (11.8%), ledol (3.3%) and bornyl acetate (3.1%). The occurrence of cyclosativene, γ‐cadinene, (E)‐β‐farnesene and β‐eudesmol in the essential oil of Cistus ladaniferus is reported here for the first time. Then, in order to study the chemical variability of individual oils, 20 samples were examined. α‐Pinene (11.1–47.4%) was the most abundant component in 18 of the 20 samples, followed by trans‐pinocarveol (4.4–10.9%) and viridiflorol (4.7–10.7%). Two samples exhibited a different chemical composition, not as yet described, characterized by the predominance of viridiflorol (20–22.6%), ledol (6.4–6.7%) and trans‐pinocarveol (5.4–8.6%).” © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. — Composition of the Essential Oil of Cistus ladaniferus L. Cultivated in Corsica (France) by J. P. Mariotti , F. Tomi , J. Casanova , J. Costa , A. F. Bernardini , First published: 28 April 1999

Jeanne Rose collection of Cistus & Labdanum from 1972 to the present

HISTORY ~ The plant has been known since ancient times and has been described by Dioscorides, Herodotus and Pliny. Dioscorides says, “Now, that which we call Ladanum, is made of this plant. For the Hee goats, & shee goates, feeding on the leaues hereof, doe manifestly beare away the fatnesse of them on their beards and on their thighs, because it is of a viscous nature, which taken off thence they straine, & hauing fashioned them into little balls, lay them vp in store.”⁴

In ancient times, labdanum gum from Cistus creticus, a close relative of the species Cistus ladanifer – the only one used today – was collected in Crete in two ways: “Pliny says that the gum was harvested by combing the coats of goats that grazed in the cistus-covered hillsides; and later it was collected by thrashing the branches of the cistus plants with a leather strap and then scraping that strap with a knife. Cistus’ glutinous properties made these forms of harvesting possible. Today, most cistus production takes place in Spain, where the leafy branches are collected using a sickle before being processed.”²But this may be where its history of being ‘leather scented’ comes from.

“In ancient Egypt, the false goat-hair beards of the pharaohs were impregnated with labdanum to surround these men with an impressive aura of distinction. The Cypriotes mixed Labdanum with Styrax and Calamus oil, thereby creating an early masterpiece of perfumery. The Crusaders, when they conquered the island, became so enthusiastic about the fragrance that they brought the recipe to the rest of Europe. It was known as the ‘Chypre’-theme, it is still employed in modern perfumery.”

Cistus creticus, has a subspecies, C. incanus , and is thought to be the ‘myrrh’ of Genesis. The resin of both are obtained by boiling twigs and skimming the resin from the surface of the water. —Mabberly.

NATURAL PERFUMERY

Labdanum is a sticky brown resin obtained from the shrubs Cistus ladanifer (western Mediterranean) and Cistus creticus (eastern Mediterranean), species of rockrose. It has a long history of use in herbal medicine and as a perfume ingredient. Labdanum is a powerful fixative in perfumery and is valued as a substitute to replace ambergris.

Modern uses –Labdanum is produced today mainly for the perfume industry. The raw resin is usually extracted by boiling the leaves and twigs. An absolute is also obtained by solvent extraction. An essential oil is produced by steam distillation.

The raw gum is a dark brown, fragrant mass containing up to 20% or more of water. It is plastic but not pourable and becomes brittle with age. The absolute is dark amber-green and very thick at room temperature. The fragrance more refined than the raw resin. The odor is very rich, complex and tenacious. Labdanum is much valued in perfumery because of its resemblance to ambergris.

In order to distinguish between Labdanum Absolute (which is usually the absolute from concrete extract of the plant material) and Labdanum Gum Absolute, the suppliers have resorted to using various odd names for their products. These products should have at least one thing in common: alcohol solubility. Labdanum Resin Absolute is a fairly logical designation for the alcoholic extract of crude Labdanum gum. In other words, it is an alcohol resinoid of Labdanum, prepared in a one-step hot or cold extraction. This product is also the cheapest of all the available alcohol soluble and generally applicable Labdanum extracts. Blends well with citrus oils.

To use the thick gum or the absolute in perfumery, it is most useful to dilute it 50•50 by volume with 95% neutral spirits (I prefer 95% neutral grape spirits). It will slowly dissolve in the alcohol, especially if kept warm or over a warm water bath. Always watch what you are doing and do not leave or abandon any warming resin in alcohol — that will surely be the time that something negative will happen.

Blends Best with: Labdanum – abs … The concrete is alcohol extracted to obtain the absolute. It is semi-solid soft and sticky green colored substance. It needs to be diluted in (grape spirits) alcohol to be used. The scent is balsam, herbal and spicy resin, warm and rich. Works well with citrus, Lavender bases, green and conifer scents. There are many types of absolute: from concrete, from resinoids. Labdanum 50•50 is Labdanum diluted 50% with neutral spirits. Various types of essential oil are produced by the steam-distillation of the leaves, twig and are usually called Cistus EO.

BLENDING

Galbanum & Labdanum/Cistus Base Accord

Dilute each of your Galbanum and Labdanum 50•50 with neutral grape spirits.
Let the above age and meld for a week.
Take 12 drops of Galbanum (50•50) and 12 drops of (50•50) Labdanum (and Cistus if you wish) and mix together. Age it for 1-week. Smell and experience.
After it ages, you can add equal amount of grape spirits to make a 25% pure scent base. Give it a name that you will remember.

A CHYPRE PERFUME

A Simple Chypre Perfume is made as follows:

5 drops of Bergamot + 5 drops White Grapefruit + 5 drops of Clary Sage with sclareol

1 drop of Oakmoss dissolved in several drops of alcohol

5 drops of Patchouli + 2 drops of Rose + 1 drop of Neroli

3 drops of Labdanum (pre-dilute in alcohol or purchase the Eden Botanicals Clear + 3 drops Atlas Cedarwood

The total equals 30 drops. Age this for at least 2 weeks (maybe more) and then add 90 drops of alcohol (95%) and age again for 3 weeks before you decide to do or not do anything else.

Equals 4 ml of finished scent at 25% perfume ingredients by volume.

INTERESTING INFORMATION: The Ladanesterion or lambadistrion is the tool made of leather leads used to comb out the Labdanum from the Cistus plant. It was described Pedanios Dioscorides in the 1^st century AC. It was also described by the French botanist, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, in his travel in Crete in 1700. The tool today has been replaced with plastic.

Abstract/Scientific Data: Anti-Dengue Virus Activity of the Oleoresin Labdanum of Cistus creticus.

During the epidemics of the mediaeval period, doctors in Byzantium and Italy developed the “Alipta muscata” as a preventive medicine against epidemics. When treating the “black death” doctors constantly used it for self-medication. The main ingredient of “Alipta muscata” was the oleoresin labdanum of Cistus creticus L. [1]. While the “black death” is mostly interpreted as Yersinia pestis, there is also an alternative interpretation as a viral hemorrhagic fever [2]. We tested several extracts and fractions of labdanum on their activity against the dengue virus (DENV-2 strain 00st-22A) in in vitro cultures on Vero cells (96-well-plates, 5 days). This haemorrhagic fever affects up to 500 million patients annually with no chemotherapeutic agent available and causes 20.000 deaths. Preliminary experiments with a labdanum full extract did not yield measurable results due to cytotoxic effects against Vero cells. In all following experiments, cell viability was constantly checked using the MTT-test. Fractionation of the dichloromethane raw-extract by liquid-liquid-extraction and column-chromatography on silica-gel (gradient elution with Hexane, EtOAc, CHCl₃, MeOH) succeeded in separating the anti-viral activity of labdanum from its cytotoxic effect. In the most active fraction GS5 at 30 µg/ml, the dengue virus proliferation was 100% suppressed and cell viability over 90%. Structural elucidation of major constituents of GS5 is currently ongoing. Claims concerning the antiviral activity of above ground parts of C. creticus have been made previously, but these generally ascribe this activity to hot water soluble polyphenols and propose an unspecific tanning effect of the viral surface proteins as the mechanism of action [3]. We describe an antiviral activity of a dichloromethane extract of labdanum against a virulent hemorrhagic fever like dengue for the first time.

— https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0037-1608551

KEY USE: The Oil of Perfumery

REFERENCES:
¹Rose, Jeanne. Herbs & Things. Only available from jeannerose.net with coil binding.
²http://www.albertvieille.com/en/products/86-labdanum-resinoid-spain.html
³http://labdanum-creta.blogspot.com/2010/04/cistus-incanus-power-of-rock-rose-menu.html
⁴ Greek Herbal of Dioscorides. Hafner Publishing Company. 1933 from the great work of first century A.D.
Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Elizabeth, NJ. 1960
Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Volume VI. Reprint 1972.
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose .2015 edition. San Francisco, California
http://www.andalucia.com/environment/wildflowers/the-gum-cistu
Langenheim, Jean H. Plant Resins. Timber Press. 2003
Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
Pliny. Plinie’s Natural History. My copy is dated 1601.
Poucher, William A. Perfumes and Cosmetics. Van Nostrand Company. 1923
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. North Atlantic Books. 2000
Rose, Jeanne. Natural Botanical Perfumery. JeanneRose.com. 2002

Sustainability: These items may not be sustainable in the amounts that are being used.

Endangered or not: Some of these plants are considered to be threatened and/or endangered due to heavy usage, people moving into the areas where they live and by over-tapping.

Do not Ingest essential oils: Although some oils are important flavoring oils in the flavor industry and thus ingested in very small amounts in many foods, especially meats and sausages, it is not a good idea to use them yourself either in capsules or honey to take internally.

Safety Precautions: Do not apply the essential oil neat, especially to the underarms or delicate parts of the body. Most resinous oils are probably not to be used on babies, children or pregnant women. Many aromatherapists suggest that there are some oils not be used at all. However, as with many plants, essential oil chemistry is subject to change depending on species and terroir.

Irritants: Some of the gums and resins can be quite irritating or sensitizing. Use the Patch Test before applying.

Patch Test: If applying a new essential oil to your skin always perform a patch test to the inner arm (after you have diluted the EO in a vegetable carrier oil). —Wash an area of your forearm about the size of a quarter and dry carefully. Apply a diluted drop (1 drop EO + 1 drop carrier) to the area. Then apply a loose Band-Aid and wait 24 hours. If there is no reaction, then go ahead and use the oil in your formulas. —The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations, p. 64

DISCLAIMER: This work is intended for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for accurate diagnosis and treatment by a qualified health care professional. Dosages are often not given, as that is a matter between you and your health care provider. The author is neither a chemist nor a medical doctor. The content herein is the product of research and personal and practical experience. Institute of Aromatic & Herbal Studies – Jeanne Rose©

Labdanum Limerick

Labdanum is a resin that oozes
Diluted it works on your bruises
Cistus the leaf
Is good on beef
And in perfumery it always amuses.

—JeanneRose2018

Odor Profile of Labdanum resinoid diluted 50•50 with 95% grape alcohol

FENNEL SEED Herb/EO/Hydrosol Profile

Nov28

Synopsis: Fennel is an herb that is used in many ways, root in the kitchen, seed in the herbal formulary, pollen to make flavorful seasonings.

FENNEL SEED HERB/EO/HYDROSOL PROFILE

By Jeanne Rose ~ November 2017

Common Name/Latin Binomial ~ Fennel seed oil (Foeniculum vulgare) of the Family Apiaceae. A Mediterranean plant that is cultivated worldwide for food and medicine. It is mainly the oil of sweet Fennel seed or Roman Fennel seed that is steam-distilled while Guenther mentions an oil of Bitter Fennel seed that is cultivated and distilled in Romania and Russia but in other countries as well.

Countries of Origins ~ It is indigenous to the shores of the Mediterranean but has become naturalized world-wide.

Eden Botanicals Harvest Location ~ wild grown or cultivated in Egypt.

General description of Plant habitat and growth ~ A biennial or perennial herb up to six feet tall. Very pretty when given water, it has feathery leaves and a flower head that produces yellow pollen that has much use in culinary world. There are two varieties — Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Azoricum Group; syn. F. vulgare var. azoricum) also called finocchio and is a cultivar group with inflated leaf bases which form a bulb-like structure that is a delicious edible and the other a highly aromatic and flavorful herb used both culinary and medicinally. Oil of Fennel is considered to be one of the most important all-around flavoring agents.

Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods and yields ~ 800 pounds of seed can be produced per acre, dried and then is crushed or comminuted and then steam-distilled immediately for the essential oil.
Yield is 2 ½ to 5% depending on the quality of the seed.

Endangered or Not ~ Not at this time. Fennel is used as a food plant by the larvae of some butterfly species swallowtail and in North America it may be used by the anise swallowtail.

SUSTAINABILITY ~ Essential oils are just not sustainable for the environment in the amounts that we are now using. In my own lifetime, I have seen many oils be overused and then go out of use as they were not being replanted. Be selective in your usage of the plants essential oil. Be moderate. Often, the herbal use is preferred over the essential use.

Organoleptic Characteristics ~
Color –colorless to pale, pale yellow
Clarity – clear
Viscosity – non-viscous
Intensity of odor – 4-5, depending on where harvested [the scale is 1-10]

Odor Description/ Aroma Assessment ~ The oil is pale, clear, gold colored and with sweet, honey and herbal licorice notes.

The sweet Fennel from Eden Botanicals is described as “very sweet-scented, anise/licorice-like, herbaceous and slightly camphoraceous and somewhat citrus back note, with earthy, peppery undertones; more intense and sharp than their organically grown Sweet Fennel –which is described the same but not as sharp as the conventional Sweet Fennel”.

GENERAL PROPERTIES

Properties and Uses ~ The herb or seed tea is a mild carminative and the essential oil is a popular extract (diluted in alcohol) to flavor food. In this case it is often the herb tea that has the best medicinal benefits although the essential oil is used by inhalation for scent, relaxing the breathing, and helping lactation.

Application/ Skincare ~ Eating Fennel and adding the EO to a cream is considered to reduce hairiness or hirsutism. The cream was better than a placebo at 2%. (see Science Direct article in References).

SPA’s also use Fennel EO with herbs and other essential oils such as Star Anise and Sandalwood to make body scrub, skin-softening body mask, and facials and massage oils that will soothe sore joints, alleviate skin issues and warm the body. You can make these at home using unscented scrubs and masks to which you add your own essential oils.

Body Scrub.
70% by weight sugar, gritty sugar like Turbinado
30 % by weight oil such as Calendula Infused oil or any vegetable oil.
2% by weight of essential oils
This translates to about 1 cup of a nice gritty sugar like Turbinado + ½ oz. by volume of carrier oil (or more if needed) and 10 drops of essential oil blend (I have used 3 d. Fennel + 3 d. Star Anise + 4 d. Sandalwood).

‘Magical’ Fennel Seed Eyewash

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seeds are used in eyewash formulations. I discovered that a simple combination of Fennel seed and Comfrey root was effective where the other usually recommended herbs had not been in sty eye or eye stress or any eye irritation. This remedy has been previously discussed in much of my work, as it is really quite powerful in its uses. It can be used on any eye problem, for any first aid problem, and should be kept freshly made in the refrigerator at all times. Make a decoction by simply taking 1 t. of Fennel seeds and 1 t. of cut & sifted Comfrey root and put into a small pot with ½ cup of water. Bring to a boil and simmer 2-3 minutes, turn off heat and cool. Strain carefully through silk or tight muslin. Wash eyes using an eyecup. Store excess in refrigerator. Use 2-3 times per day. Replace with new decoction every 3 days. [this is a living herbal formula and will grow bacteria, so make it, use it, replace it, every 3 days]. (from Jeanne Rose Herbal Studies Course and more)

WEAK EYES COMPRESS
Steep 1 teaspoon of crushed Fennel seeds in 1/2 cup of Witch Hazel extract (the kind that you buy in a drugstore) for 1 week. Strain, bottle, and label. Use this as a compress when your eyes are tired, or dilute 1 teaspoon with an equal amount of water and use this to wash the eyes. Alternatively, compress with Witch Hazel hydrosol. (you may substitute Witch Hazel hydrosol, but since this has no alcohol to preserve, it too will need to be remade every 3 days).

Fennel seed and Licorice root, together, as a tea will quickly aid digestion, ease the overfed digestive system, and cure flatulence. When I was pregnant in 1973, I used Fennel Seed tea with other herbs as a lactogogue. It was quite successful.

Diffuse/Diffusion ~ I have never had the desire to use Fennel oil in a diffuser. If you wish to try it, first dilute with other EO such as Lemon and Lavender as the Fennel scent is very penetrating.

Jeanne Rose’s experience with this EO: In 1977, this oil was about $1.77 per ounce in 2017 it is about $10.00 per ounce.

Emotional/Energetic/Ritual Use ~ Fennel seed has a long and interesting ritual use. Scott Cunningham wrote about it often and mentioned that the fresh stalks were woven into chaplets with were used to crown Greek athletes. Fennel is one of the nine plants invoked in the Anglo-Saxon Pagan Nine Herbs Charm, recorded in the 10th century. The other herbs being Mugwort, Mayweed, Thyme, Lamb’s Cress, Cockspur grass, Plantain, Nettle, and Crab-Apple. Cunningham mentions that the scent of the fresh seeds is thought to increase life-span, to produce courage, and to purify the inner self.

Culinary/Herbal Use ~ There is plenty to love about Fennel seed in foods and medicine. It has a nice licorice-like taste and seasons breads, bakery goods, and many foods. I am currently madly in love with the pollen that drops from the ripened heads and use it in a recipe called “Fennel Pollen Encrusted Salmon”. Dredge the salmon in the pollen with salt and pepper and corn meal, place in a shallow pan with olive oil and gently roast over a low flame until the salmon is cooked and the outside is nicely browned.

Fennel pollen

The herb and its pollen is very popular in foods, breads and pastries. Grieve says that Fennel is one of the most important spices in Kashmiri Pandit and Gujarati cooking.

Culinary Use of EO: Perfumer & Flavorist Magazine states that “the sweet, anisic notes of this EO make it a useful addition to soda flavors like root beer, cola, cream soda and ginger ales. Sweet spice flavors and blends can be applied, including those for gingerbread, anise, pepper, cinnamon, clove and Italian sausage. Other flavors where this material will add sweetness and depth are cherry, mint, licorice, vanilla and those for cordials like ouzo, absinthe, anisette, etc.”

Chemical Components: The chemistry depends upon the plant variety used and whether it is the herb or the seed that is distilled. The primary component for seed is delta-alpha-pinene, anethole and fenchone and Guenther mentions also phellandrene and limonene.

BLENDS ~ Add drop by drop to your blends, succuss after each addition and carefully smell the blend before adding more Fennel seed EO, until the desired effect is achieved. Fennel seed oil is not much used in perfumery.

Blends Well ~ Basil, Cardamom, Clary Sage, Coriander, Rose Geranium, Lavender, most Citrus oils, Rose, Rosemary and Sandalwoods.

HYDROSOL ~ The hydrosol is very fragrant and I like to use it in the bath and on foods. It is useful as a digestive (use 1 t. per glass of water) and has other uses as well.
Harman shows the GC/MS of the hydro-distilled hydrosol to be mainly Estragol (60 mg/L), Fenchone (52 mg/L), Anisaldehyde (24 mg/L) and other components such as cinnamon aldehyde, cineole, and more. Become a member of the Circle H Institute to get the full values and more information on the hydrosol.

PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol should be specifically distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.

HISTORICAL USE ~ According to the Greek legend of Prometheus, Fennel was thought to have bestowed immortality. Fennel seeds are a common cooking spice, particularly for use with fish. After meals, they are used in several cultures to prevent gas and upset stomach. Fennel has also been used as a remedy for cough and colic in infants. _{http://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hn-2089002}

A Modern Herbal by Grieve states that Fennel was well known to the Ancients and was cultivated by the ancient Romans for its aromatic fruits and succulent, edible shoots. Pliny had much faith in its medicinal properties, according no less than twenty-two remedies to it, observing also that serpents eat it ‘when they cast their old skins, and they sharpen their sight with the juice by rubbing against the plant.’

Interesting Information ~ In addition to its medicinal uses, aerial parts, namely, leaf, stem, and fruit/seed of F. vulgare, are extensively used as galactagogue not only for increasing the quantity and quality of milk but also for improving the milk flow of breastfeeding mothers. From ancient times, Fennel seeds have been used as an ingredient for removing any foul smell of the mouth. The natural light green dye obtained from leaves is used in cosmetics, for coloring of textiles/wooden materials and as food colorant. — https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137549/

Contraindications ~ Tisserand recommends “We advise the use of Sweet Fennel for short periods of time and only when highly diluted – while it is safe and effective when properly administered, it should be avoided by those who are pregnant/breastfeeding, who have endometriosis, estrogen-dependent cancers, who take certain medications (diabetic, anti-coagulant, hormone replacement), who have peptic ulcers, hemophilia, other bleeding disorders, or who have had major surgery, and by children under five years of age (including herbal fennel tea).”

Key Use~ Digestive and to flavor liqueurs

Patch Test: If applying a new essential oil to your skin always perform a patch test to the inner arm (after you have diluted the EO in a vegetable carrier oil). —Wash an area of your forearm about the size of a quarter and dry carefully. Apply a diluted drop (1 drop EO + 1 drop carrier) to the area. Then apply a loose Band-Aid and wait 24 hours. If there is no reaction then go ahead and use the oil in your formulas. —The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations, p. 64

References:
Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Arctander. 1960
Circle H Institute at https://circlehinstitute.com/gcms-analyses/
Cunningham, Scott. Magical Aromatherapy. Llewellyn Publications, 1989.
Grieve, M. A Modern Herbal: the …Properties, …with their Uses. Brace & Company, Harcourt, 1931
Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Krieger Publishing. Florida. 1976
Harman, Ann. Harvest to Hydrosol. IAG Botanics. 2015 (supporter of testing hydrosols)
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose & Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books, 1992
Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, California
Perfumery & Flavorist. Vol. 42, June 2017
Tisserand, R. and Rodney Young. Essential Oil Safety, 2^nd ed., 2014, pp. 277-8.
http://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hn-2089002
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137549/
Antihirsutism activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extract. Phytomedicine, vol. 10, 6-7, 2003. P. 455-458

Fennel from an old herbal

DISCLAIMER: This work is intended for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for accurate diagnosis and treatment by a qualified health care professional. Dosages are often not given, as that is a matter between you and your health care provider. The author is neither a chemist nor a medical doctor. The content herein is the product of research and personal and practical experience. Institute of Aromatic & Herbal Studies – Jeanne Rose©

Fennel – 40-year history with seed and pollen
Fennel EO 2000; Fennel seed 2017; Manheimer Fennel EO 1977; Eden Botanicals EO 2017;
Fennel Pollen & cut Fennel tops

~ JR ~

Clove EO/Herb Profile & Information

Nov14

Synopsis ~ Cloves are flower buds used as spice for 2000 years and have properties and uses beyond food — to support the health of your body; includes aromatherapy information and safety tips.

CLOVE EO Profile & Information

Name of Oil and Naming and Family ~ Clove Oil from bud, leaf and stem oil is also called Oil of Clove, an essential oil extracted from the Clove plant. Normally, the Clove oil is best known as water-distilled from the immature flower buds called Clove buds. This is the sun-dried, unopened flower buds of the Clove tree, Syzygium aromaticum from Indonesia and other locations.

“The earliest written mention of cloves is in writings from the Han dynasty in China (207 BC to AD 220) which tell how officers of the court were made to hold cloves in their mouth when talking to the king, apparently to insure the sweetness and acceptability of their breath” —Univ. Minnesota Library.

Clove buds are warming and spicy and are now used to flavor foods, making pomanders and used in medicine. Cloves supply vanillin to the industry.

Dicypellium caryophyllatum (syn. Cassia caryophylatta) bark from another family Lauraceae is used as a substitute tor true cloves and cinnamon. The wood is valuable but is little exported from Brazil. The bark is sold as quills and smells like cloves (95%) eugenol) and it is also called Cassia caryophylatta. It is used as a flavorant and with its leaves is a stimulating tea.

The true Clove, Syzygium aromaticum (the old name is Eugenia caryophylatta), is from the family Myrtaceae. Other names for this is Clove, clovos, caryophyllus and the parts used are Flower buds, stems or leaves.

Is one or the other better for aromatherapy use? If you want to use Cloves, use cloves. These are of two different families, indigenous to different areas.

Different plants called Clove ~ The difference(s) between Clove Bud, Clove Leaf and Clove stem is CLOVE BUD is the fruit, CLOVE LEAF is the leaf of the tree and CLOVE STEM is the stem. They have different chemical constituents. They are all used in aromatherapy and the applications are different. See page 87 in The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations for uses of these two trees. This article is entirely about Clove Bud oil and herb.

Latin Binomial/Botanical? L. There is some confusion between the two above named plants and their essential oils. This paper discusses Syzygium aromaticum or Clove of the Family – Myrtaceae.

Countries of Origin: Clove trees are native to the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. Much exported from Zanzibar, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and the Reunion and Madagascar where they are thought to have derived from one tree.

General description of plant, habitat & growth: Syzygium is native to Africa and the Pacific. They are evergreen, canopy and emergent trees, growing to a height of between 40 and 50 feet, with large, bright green leaves and strongly fragrant flowers that grow in bunches at the end of the twigs. These flower buds are pale, then turn green and eventually turn bright red when they are ready to harvest.

Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods & yield ~ Syzygium aromaticum or Clove of the Family – Myrtaceae. The essential oil is water/hydro-distilled from the sun-dried flower buds. “As it distills and comes over into the condenser, the Clove oil is collected, in the receiver, in two fractions, one that is lighter than water and floats on the water, the other heavier than water and sinks to the bottom. The two fractions must be mixed to obtain the complete oil and the distillation waters should be cohobated (redistilled) to recover all the oil extracted from the spice.” —Guenther, vol. 4, p. 428.

Yield: 10-15%.Yield: 10-15%.

There is also an absolute of Clove available obtained by solvent-extraction and is considered to bring the true scent of the buds to life when used in a perfume.

This picture shows the two fractions of the oil during distillation, the heavy and the light weight, with a layer of water in between. It is not a hydrosol as the distillation water would have to be cohobated continually back into the still to obtain the maximum amount of co-distillate.

There is also an absolute of Clove available obtained by solvent-extraction and is considered to bring the true scent of the buds to life when used in a perfume.

SUSTAINABILITY ~ Essential oils are just not sustainable for the environment in the amounts that are now in use. In my own lifetime, I have seen many oils be overused and then go out of use as they were not being replanted. Be selective in your usage of the plants essential oi. Be moderate. Often, the herbal use is preferred over the essential use.

Organoleptic Characteristics:
Color:                           Light yellow to pale brown when older
Clarity:                        Clear
Viscosity:                   Some viscosity
Taste:                          Bitter, aromatic
Intensity of Odor:   7 (Scale is 1-10 with some Lavenders about 2)

Odor Assessment and Description: This is one of the several plants whose useful parts are considered to have a licorice or anise scent. In this case, it is the eugenol that is being described. Eugenol in my opinion, does not smell much of licorice/anise. Clove oil can be described as very spicy, with a fruity subsidiary note and a somewhat woody back note.

Chemical Components: Active Compounds in Clove oil is 60 to 90 percent eugenol. Its properties are anesthetic and antiseptic. India’s traditional Ayurvedic healers have used clove since ancient times to treat respiratory and digestive ailments.

Historical and Interesting Facts and Uses ~ Like the history of many spices, the history of Cloves goes back many centuries. In fact, this spice was one of the first to be traded and evidence of cloves have been found in vessels dating as far back as 1721 BC. Besides being used as a mouth refresher by ancient Chinese, Clove bud was used in Alexandria in 200 BC as a spice. Clove first arrived in Europe around the 4^th century A.D. as a highly coveted luxury. The medieval German herbalists used cloves as part of anti-gout mixture. Indonesia is the largest customer of Clove bud oil as it is used in Kretek cigarettes. There is a fascinating history of Cloves in commerce in the Guenther books, volume IV, p. 306. Portuguese explores carried cargoes of Cloves in their galleons, and “unwittingly initiated that fabulous spice trade which caused many a bloody and lengthy sea war”.

2.The old (1902) and the new (2017)

Safety Precautions for Clove Oil: It can cause serious skin and mucous membrane irritations when used by application. Use this oil only highly diluted and do not take by mouth. This is one of those plants that can be used herbally in small amounts but the EO is not to be taken internally.

GENERAL PROPERTIES ~

The EO is antibacterial, antiviral (against herpes), and analgesic, which helps in headache and toothaches. In skin care Clove oil, highly diluted, is used for the spicy scent in aftershave products or products for problem skin. Clove bud oil is effective in perfumery as a fixative or as part of a ‘Carnation’ scent. Clove EO is an anesthetic and is often used in carious teeth to relieve pain. The oil is wonderful in potpourri and sachet, the buds themselves boiled in wine with Cinnamon and other spices as drink.

Properties (by AP=application or IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation):
Application: Antiseptic, stimulant, carminative, parasiticidal, antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal, analgesic, anti-neuralgic, antispasmodic, and anti-infectious.

Ingestion (only if highly diluted) for Stomachic, tonic, antiparasitic but the herbal tea is recommended instead.

Inhalation (only if highly diluted): Antiseptic, stimulant, aphrodisiac.

Physical Uses & How used (IG or AP):
Application: Clove Bud is used to relieve toothache, for some types of cancer, and in removing warts. In fact, it was one of the first oils to be directly applied in therapy. Other uses include external application, greatly diluted in carrier oil for rheumatism, and arthritis, and for muscular aches and pains. Further still, Clove bud is used in salves or lotions as an application for colds, flu, verrucae, tired limbs, scabies, ringworm, and recovery from infections.

Contraindication in Skin Care: Clove oil can cause serious skin and mucous membrane irritations, make sure that if you use it, dilute it greatly and use only the bud oil and neither the stem nor the leaf.

Inhalation: Use with other oils and diluted for colds, flu, chest infections, and bronchitis. It stimulates the respiratory system and is antiseptic for various infectious diseases.

Emotional Uses:
By inhalation, Clove Bud alleviates mental debility, stimulates the memory, stimulates the mind, and helps one overcome exhaustion. Use in dilution with other oils such as Rosemary, Bergamot and Lavender.

DIFFUSE/DIFFUSION of the Essential Oil ~ Clove oil is very powerful and I strongly urge you not to use it in a diffusor.

BLENDING and Perfumery: Cloves blend well with Vanilla, Rose, deeply-scented or sweet florals where it has a ‘unique and natural richness and body’. The classic scent called Rondeletia is a mixture of Lavender and Clove where Sage and Clary Sage is a good addition. Rondeletia Odor described by Askinson is Bergamot, Lavender, Clove, Rose, Sandalwood, Vanilla and a fixative of ambergris and musk.

Rondeletia accord was recently used to make a modern masculine creation. It is a sweet, floral spicy odor of Lavender, Clove and spring flowers with Rose first macerated in corn alcohol with maybe some Clary Sage absolute. Corn alcohol is used according to the British manner. The spirit has to be carefully chosen in perfumery; if a brandy scent is desired use grape spirits for an entirely different odor choose corn or wheat spirits.

Clove Perfume ~ Formula for Mock Carnation Scent:
Cinnamon 10% percentage by weight — 2 drops
Clove 10% — 6
Geranium 10% — 6
Green Mandarin 10% — 3
Osmanthus abs 10% — 3
Rose abs 15% — 10
Tuberose 10% — 4
Vanilla C0₂ 10% — 4
Ylang Ylang 10% — 7

HYDROSOL: I have never had the opportunity to use Clove hydrosol but I imagine it would have some use either as a seasoning in food or possibly diluted as a stimulating antiseptic mouthwash.

Hydrosols are aromatic waters that are produced during the distillation of aromatic plants. One study I saw investigated “the identity and the absolute quantity (mg/liter), of the major water-soluble aromatic components from the hydrosols of seven aromatic plants. These plants include sweet basil, peppermint, spearmint, sour orange petitgrain, lemongrass, lemon eucalyptus, and clove. Eugenol from clove hydrosol was found to be the most highly soluble component (854 mg/l hydrosol), followed by d-carvone from spearmint hydrosol (242 mg/l) and linalool from both sweet basil (171 mg/l) and petitgrain (128 mg/l) hydrosols. The investigation also revealed that, the solubility of certain aromatic component from different hydrosols is not the same, and probably depends on the chemical composition of its parent essential oil”. The essential oil and the hydrosol are not the same, the chemistry of the essential oil is different than the chemistry of the hydrosol — so do not ascribe the properties of one for the properties of the other.

CULINARY AND HERBAL USES ~ Cloves are extensively used in all sorts of foods or spicy seasonings. The holiday ham can be studded with Cloves. Herbally, the buds are useful in antiseptic or analgesic formulas when infused in carrier oils or to make potpourris and pomanders.

A JEANNE ROSE TOMATO TALE

MY FAVORITE USE for Clove buds is to make pomanders at Christmas. You can hang them on the tree or on your door to fragrance your home or just pile them in a bowl. You have to start the pomander as soon as September so that the Clove buds have time to do their magic in that the apple or orange will begin to dry up, wizen-up, shrink and become simply a ball of clove buds.

FORMULA: Purchase small fragrant Apples or non-juicy Oranges. I prefer small sweet Apples. Stab all over with the point of a sharp knife or an ice pick in a design or just in rows. It will take over 300 Clove buds to cover a small Apple. Stick the pointy end of the Clove bud into the holes that you have made. Make sure that the Apple is thickly studded with Clove. Now mix together some powdered Cinnamon, powdered Cloves, maybe some Nutmeg and powdered Star Anise and place the pomander apple in this mixture. Roll it around until all parts are covered (or shake in a bag with the spices). Let the pomander sit somewhere where it can dry out. This will take a month or so. Tie some bright green or red ribbons around the Pomander and tuck fresh Rosemary into the bow for good luck.

In the past, I have just dropped the last years pomander balls into my “Old Oil Jar”. The Clove-studded Apple quickly becomes a part of the scent of the oil, thus changing it. This “Old Oil Jar” is now about 25 years old and changes scent continually as I add oils and pomanders and remove some to add to my clean house routine. I will never know the entire ingredients of the jar.

Key Use: Culinary use and tooth care.

Patch Test: If applying a new essential oil to your skin always perform a patch test to the inner arm (after you have diluted the EO in a vegetable carrier oil). —Wash an area of your forearm about the size of a quarter and dry carefully. Apply a diluted drop (1 drop EO + 1 drop carrier) to the area. Then apply a loose Band-Aid and wait 24 hours. If there is no reaction then go ahead and use the oil in your formulas. —The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations, p. 64

Science article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819475/ where it is discussed that Cloves are an antioxidant, food preservative, reversal of memory impairment, radical scavenger and as a commercial source of polyphenols and antifungal.

References: There is a lot of information online as well as in the Arctander book (referenced below) and The Essential Oils books by Ernest Guenther.

Arctander, Steffen. Perfume and Flavor Materials of Natural Origin. Elizabeth, NJ. 1960
Guenther, Ernest. The Essential Oils. Vol. IV. Pages 396-436
Harman, Ann. Harvest to Hydrosol. 2016
Mabberley, D.J., Mabberley’s Plant Book, 2008 Third Edition with 2014 updates, Cambridge University Press
Rose, Jeanne. Herbs & Things. Personal copy
Rose, Jeanne. . Frog. Ltd.
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Frog Ltd. 1999
Worwood, Susan & Valerie Ann. Essential Aromatherapy, Novato, California: New World Library, 2003.
http://www.indepthinfo.com/cloves/story.shtml
https://www.lib.umn.edu/bell/tradeproducts/cloves

DISCLAIMER: This work is intended for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for accurate diagnosis and treatment by a qualified health care professional. Dosages are often not given, as that is a matter between you and your health care provider. The author is neither a chemist nor a medical doctor. The content herein is the product of research and personal and practical experience. Institute of Aromatic & Herbal Studies – Jeanne Rose

105 years of Clove Bud Oil

~ JR ~

Basil EO

Oct31

Basil EO chemotypes for daily care and perfumery, used in many therapeutic formulas, is widely grown and healing to mind and body. A detailed synopsis of uses and properties.

Basil Essential Oil & Hydrosol Profile

By Jeanne Rose ~ October 2017

Common Name/Latin Binomial: Basil EO and herb is Ocimum basilicum and has several chemotypes. Holy Basil or Tulsi Basil is Ocimum sanctum or O. tenuiflorum.

Other Common Name/Naming Information Basil EO (Ocimum mimimum or basilicum) and herb is called cooking Basil, great Basil, St. Joseph’s plant or just Basil and Holy Basil or Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum or O. sanctum). They are treated as annuals although some act as perennial. Holy basil contains eugenol and depending on the species and cultivar and it has a strong, herbaceous, often sweet smell. The leaves may taste somewhat like anise, but for me, it is only slightly licorice or anise scented.

Mountain Rose Herbs lists 3 types of Holy Basil that are called Holy Basil. Krishna, Rama and Vana. Ayurvedic texts describe these type of Basil as a ‘pillar of holistic herbal medicine and a goddess incarnated in plant form (the mother medicine of nature’.

Family: Lamiaceae family. There are several species and hybrid species, varieties and also chemotypes (chemical varieties) depending mainly on what men decide they want but also on terroir especially elevation and other factors such as bloom tine and the time of year the plant is harvested.

Countries of Origins: Basil is known for thousands of years, by the Greeks and the Romans, and probably originated in India. Ocimum tenuiflorum (synonym Ocimum sanctum), commonly known as Holy Basil, tulasi, or tulsi, which is native to the Indian subcontinent and widespread as a cultivated plant throughout the Southeast Asian tropics. It is revered as the ‘elixir of life’.

Eden Botanicals Harvest Location of Basil EO: Basil linalool and chavicol from Egypt, Holy Basil from India.

Endangered or Not: Basil is not endangered although there are some native species that are.

General description of Plant habitat and growth of Basil EO and herb. This plant is generally considered a tender annual. The seeds are sown directly into the ground, it likes a sunny location with well-drained soil, thinned or transplanted to 12 inches apart, water deeply every 10 days (or so), and chopped and distilled before it forms flowers. Basil is best used fresh, whether for culinary use or distillation.
“Krishna (Ocimum tenuiflorum) is known for its medicinal value and peppery crisp taste. The plant has dark green to purple leaves, stems, and blossoms. It is cultivated in the Indian plains, as well as private homes and gardens around India, and is named after the blue skinned God as the dark purple leaves resemble this color.
Rama (Ocimum sanctum) is known for its cooling and mellow flavor. The plant has green leaves, white-to-purplish blossoms, and a green or purplish stem. It is cultivated in the Indian plains, as well as private homes and gardens around India.
Vana (Ocimum sp.), aka. “forest type”, is known for its fragrance. The plant has green leaves and stem, with white blossoms. It is found in the Himalayas and plains of India. Grows wild in Asia and Africa and is used medicinally there as well.” — Mountain Rose Herbs

Several varieties can be grown:

Cinnamon basil – Ocimum sp., this refers to a number of different varieties of Basil that are related because of their spicy odor, 18″. This variety offers dark green shiny leaves and pink flowers.

Lemon basil – O. x basilicum ‘Citriodorum’, a hybrid of African and American basil, 12″-18″. Fine-leafed plant with distinct lemon fragrance.

Lettuce Leaf basil – O. crispum, 15″. A large leaf variety of Basil with large, crinkled green leaves which have a sweeter flavor and milder scent than other varieties.

Opal basil – O. basilicum. ‘Purpurascens’, an improved variety of dark purple Basil. 12″-18″. A variety that has red-purplish foliage and pink flowers.

Spicy Globe – O. basilicum, 8″-10″. Has green foliage and is a small, compact plant size. and spicy scent.

Thai basil – O. basilicum., 24″-36″. An upright, plant with flavor and fragrance distinctly different from other basils.

Basil EO and herb – Portion of plant used in distillation, how distilled, extraction methods and yields: Leaves are steam- or hydro-distilled.
Yield: Depending on the season when distilled, the yield is 0.1% to 1.66%.

Basil flowers from Ocimum tenuiflorum (also called O. sanctum),

The seeds from Strictly Medicinal seeds in Oregon (formerly Horizon Herbs).

Photo credited to Andrea Lay

Organoleptic Characteristics:

Color – colorless to pale pale yellow
Clarity – clear
Viscosity – non-viscous
Intensity of odor – 5
Taste – bitter, aromatic

Odor Description/ Aroma Assessment of Basil EO ~ Basil is a good example of how a chemotype alters the scent of a plant. Basil can grow in various areas from the very hot to the less hot. The hotter the area the more that the Basil will reflect the heat by producing more chavicol. If the area is higher in altitude, the Basil may produce more Linalool. Besides the many botanicals varieties of Basil, all with varying odors to complicate the matter there are also chemotypes (chemical varieties).

There are chemotypes CT thymol, CT eugenol, CT chavicol, and CT linalool. Light intensity and higher temperature encourages camphor. High altitude often encourages linalool; eugenol and thymol often have to do with the heat of the climate.

Basil Chavicol or methyl chavicol (aka estragole), very strongly herbaceous odor, not for perfumery, better in household products or soap.

Basil eugenol, high in eugenol, the “production of new types of basil oils grown in Indiana are rich in specific chemical constituents that have application in new products will require a close relationship with both essential oil brokers and end-processors.” It has a spicy clove-like scent.

Basil Holy has a strong herbaceous and spicy odor with a slight green and fruity back note. This Basil is in the group of ‘licorice-scented’ essential oils. For me, it is only slightly licorice or anise scented through the inclusion of eugenol.

Basil linalool. This CT (CT = chemotype or chemical variety) is gently medicinal and has a sweet, green odor, very fine to use in perfumery, and any products that are used for the younger persons.

Basil thymol smells spicy and astringent and best for applications more medicinal in nature.

Classifying by chemotype is more prevalent now than it was 10-15 years ago. Another way to say it is that chemotype (chemical variety) refers to the particular plant that have the same morphological (body shape) characteristics, but which produce different quantities of the chemical constituents in the resultant essential oil.

(see also the Chemical Components below)

Basil EO courtesy of Eden Botanicals

Blends Best with most of the Mediterranean herbs such as Sage, Lavender, Marjoram, Rosemary and with most of the seed oils and modifies the green scents in perfumery such as Mugwort and Galbanum and the stronger conifer scents such as Redwood or Sequoia.

Blending/Perfumery ~ This green, spicy note works well with citrus and is used as a bridge or full note in many commercial perfumes.

Citrus/Green Formula

Top Note ~30 drops of combination of Citrus oils such as Bergamot, Lemon, Tangerine

Heart Note ~12 drops of Basil (linalool will be softer, Holy Basil stronger, do not use Basil chavicol or Basil thymol)

Bridge or in Heart Note ~ 5-10 drops of a green note such as Coriander seed or Galbanum

Base Note ~ 20-30 drops of Atlas Cedar and Vetivert

GENERAL PROPERTIES

Properties (by IG=ingestion or IN=inhalation or AP=application): IG as stomachic, antispasmodic, digestive tonic, possibly an intestinal antiseptic, and carminative. IN as restorative, general stimulant, maybe an emmenagogue and by AP it is antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-infectious, and antibiotic.

Please be aware of which chemotype you are using as the eugenol and thymol types can be an irritant on the skin.

Basil CO₂ from the leaves, Ocimum basilicum & O. sanctum, has a strong Basil smell and is more like the Basil taste and smell than the steam-distillate of the leaves. It can be used wherever the SD is used and in culinary as well. Try a bit in your hair care products for that refreshing, distinctive Basil odor and stimulating quality. In perfumery, it is both sweet and spicy. Basil always blends well with Bergamot, Clary Sage, Clove Bud, Lime, Juniper, Lemon, Neroli, and Rosemary.

Properties and Uses: Tulsi Basil has been shown to have some antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus and is better known as an adaptogen and astringent herb used as an Ayurveda remedy for various things including removing stress and for longevity. Also, it is used in Thai cuisine and as an insect repellent when leaves are added to stored foods and grains. Sweet Basil and other Basil types are stimulant, anti-bacterial, some types are more to less slightly to very medicinal.

Herbal Body/Hair Care – Basil that wonderful delicious smelling herb which loses most of its scent-ual delight when dried is best used fresh in your creations. Quickly dry and mash to a powder, mix with powdered sweet Lavender and brush into the hair to perfume it.

Or take 3 ounces of neutral spirits (ethanol), add 7 drops of sweet Lavender EO and 7 drops sweet Basil EO, shake well and add ½ ounce Lavender hydrosol and succuss. Use this to perfume and treat your hair to help health and growth.

Jeanne Rose Formula for Split Ends and Hair Growth
Occasionally as needed, use 1 tsp. of Olive oil that you have added 1 drop each of Basil EO and Rosemary oil. Apply this to the scalp and massage in thoroughly. Let this sit overnight, shampoo in the morning. This is for healthy hair, hair growth and to reduce split ends. Also, make an infusion of the herbs of Basil and Rosemary. Use the fresh herbs if possible. Use the strained infusion as a rinse after your shampoo and as a spray on the hair when needed. For a more complete formula and uses on the hair, refer to of Jeanne Rose’s Herbal Body Book, p. 70.

Diffuse/Diffusion: Basil EO when used in the diffuser, particularly with Rosemary and Lavender oil is a brain and memory stimulant. But Basil is strong and pungent, use the diffuser or inhaler only briefly and moderately for best effect.

Emotional/Energetic Use: When inhaled, this Basil EO is considered to reduce depression, relax the mind after intellectual overwork, soothe the nerves and reduce stress. This is used by inhalation, a drop in the palms of the hand, rub hands together briskly and then inhale the scent.

Holy Basil has strong ritualistic and energetic uses.

HYDROSOL: Basil hydrosol is just a wonderful product; however, its scent depends on which chemotype you use. It can be added to a hair conditioner or hair application to stimulate growth and for hair loss; a teaspoon in a glass of water or carbonated water can be calming and to soothe a fiery feeling or it can be used in foods such as vegetables and pasta. Basil hydrosol has a slight licorice taste and is a digestive.

Basil Oils and Tulsi Hydrosol – courtesy of Eden Botanicals

Jeanne Rose’s (Tomato Tales) Basil EO ~ My first experience with the essential oil of Basil was not a positive one. This was in 1970 and what I was smelling had no relationship to the sweet herb Basil I was used to having in my cooking. I learned from old texts that the essential oil could be a tonic to my hair, and I also knew that Rosemary EO and herb were used for hair growth. So, I decided to combine these two and made a hair tonic with Basil and Rosemary oil and Jojoba Oil as a carrier oil. These three items have the following qualities: Basil as a stimulant, Rosemary for hair growth and Jojoba to keep dark hair dark. I started using this formula in 1970 and have used it ever since. At 80, my hair is still dark with just an edge of white around the forehead. Now I like the scent of Basil.

CULINARY USE ~ This sweet, spicy herb Basil is a very important flavoring herb for the kitchen, it was used extensively to flavor turtle soup and is perfect, always, with Tomato. Fresh Basil is best but in a pinch, you can use 1-drop of Basil oil on two ounces of the dried herb. Toss the mixture and store away in an airtight container in the dark while the scent infuses the dried herb. You can also chop fresh Basil and just cover with a good quality Olive oil and store in the fridge until needed. Use sooner rather than later. For pesto sauce, pound fresh Basil with Olive oil, Pine nuts, Parsley, Garlic, Parmesan, and salt and pepper and use this on pasta, freshly sautéed Onions or spread on toasted bread, vegetables or salad.

HERBAL USE ~ Herb Basil is added to honey and Nutmeg and used to ease diarrhea and some say as a tea to ease childbirth pain.

Basil Leaf

Chemical Components of Basil EO: The strong clove scent of sweet basil (Basil CT eugenol) is derived from eugenol, the same chemical as actual cloves. Scent and chemistry is different depending on the season and the variety.
The various basils have such different scents because the herb has a number of chemotypes that come together in different proportions. (“The essential oil composition over the different seasons was quite idiosyncratic, in which the principal components of one season were either trivial or totally absent in another”.) The strong clove scent of sweet Basil is derived from eugenol, the same chemical as actual cloves. Basil and Oregano contain large amounts of (E)-beta-caryophyllene, BCP, which might have a use in treating inflammatory bowel diseases and arthritis. BCP is the only product identified in nature that activates CB₂ selectively; it interacts with receptors (CB₂), blocking chemical signals that lead to inflammation, but without triggering mood-altering effects. Use in blends for perfume or for scent.

Read some of the books of Jeanne Rose

The citrus scent of lemon Basil and lime Basil reflects their higher portion of citral, which causes a healing lung effect evident in several plants including lemon mint, and of limonene, which gives actual lemon peel its scent. African blue basil has a strong camphor smell because it contains camphor and camphene in higher proportions. Licorice basil contains anethole, the same chemical that makes Anise smell like licorice, and in fact is sometimes called “anise basil.” https://jeanne-blog.com/aniseed-star-anise-profile/

Other chemicals that help to produce the distinctive scents of many Basils, depending on their proportion in each specific variety or breed, include: 1,8-cineole, beta-caryophyllene, camphor, citronellol (scented geraniums, Roses, and citronella) , eugenol, fenchyl acetate, linalool (a flowery scent also in coriander), linalyl acetate, methyl eugenol, myrcene (most types of Bay leaf, Hops, Thyme),pinene (which is, as the name implies, the chemical that gives pine oil its scent), ocimene, terpineol, trans-ocimene.

Tulsi Basil essential oil has been found to consist mostly of eugenol (~70%) β-elemene (~11.0%), β-caryophyllene (~8%) and germacrene (~2%), with the balance being made up of various trace compounds, (mostly terpenes).
Based on chemical content, basils can be divided into four main groups:

1)French ~ Ocimum basilicum, contains lower amounts of phenols

2) exotic; contains methyl chavicol (40-80%)

3) methyl cinnamate – ether 90%

4) eugenol

Basil and oregano contain large amounts of (E)-beta-caryophyllene (BCP), which might have a use in treating inflammatory bowel diseases and arthritis. BCP is the only product identified in nature that activates CB₂ selectively; it interacts with one of two cannabinoid receptors (CB₂), blocking chemical signals that lead to inflammation, without triggering cannabis’s mood-altering effects.

Interesting and Historical Information ~ In Gerard’s Herbal, “The juice mixed with fine meal of parched barley, oil of Roses, and Vinegar, is good against inflammations, and the stinging of venomous beasts”, and Nicholas Culpeper noted of basil that “Galen and Dioscorides were against it, that it would not grow with rue and it helped a deficiency of Venus on the one kind but spoils all her actions in another.” The Oxford English Dictionary quotes speculations that basil may have been used in “some royal unguent, bath, or medicine”. Basil is still considered the “king of herbs” by many cookery authors.

Key Use ~ Various CT (chemotypes) are used in the perfumery, hair care, and to inhale as a brain ‘tonic’.

A 27-year collection of Basil oil with leaves

Scientific Data: Essential oil from Ocimum basilicum (Omani Basil): a desert crop.
Al-Maskri AY¹, Hanif MA, Al-Maskari MY, Abraham AS, Al-sabahi JN, Al-Mantheri O.
Abstract: The focus of the present study was on the influence of season on yield, chemical composition, antioxidant and antifungal activities of Omani basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil. The present study involved only one of the eight Omani basil varieties. The hydro-distilled essential oil yields were computed to be 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.1% in the winter, spring and summer seasons, respectively. The major components identified were L- linalool (26.5-56.3%), geraniol (12.1-16.5%), 1,8-cineole (2.5-15.1%), p-allylanisole (0.2-13.8%) and DL-limonene (0.2-10.4%). A noteworthy extra component was beta-farnesene, which was exclusively detected in the oil extracted during winter and spring at 6.3% and 5.8%, respectively. The essential oil composition over the different seasons was quite idiosyncratic, in which the principal components of one season were either trivial or totally absent in another. The essential oil extracted in spring exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (except DPPH scavenging ability) in comparison with the oils from other seasons. The basil oil was tested against pathogenic fungi viz. Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium italicum and Rhizopus stolonifer using a disc diffusion method, and by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration. Surprisingly high antifungal values were found highlighting the potential of Omani basil as a preservative in the food and medical industries.

References:
Culpeper’s Complete Herbal. London. 1824. (author’s collection)
Gerard’s Herbal. The Herball or Generall Hiftorie of Plantes. London. 1632 [author’s collection]
Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
Rose, Jeanne. 375 Essential Oils and Hydrosols. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd., 1999
Rose, Jeanne. The Aromatherapy Book: Applications & Inhalations. San Francisco, CA.
Rose, Jeanne. . Berkeley, CA. Frog, Ltd.
Rose, Jeanne. The Herbal Guide to Food Book. Berkeley, CA. Frog, Ltd.
Herbal Studies Course/ Jeanne Rose. San Francisco, CA.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22164790 • EO from O. basilicum (influence of season on yield,
https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/vegetables/growing-basil/
https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-484.html
Oxford English Dictionary – the complete edition
www.mountainroseherbs.com

SOME CAUTIONS TO REMEMBER for all Essential Oils

HYDROSOL — PLEASE NOTE: A true hydrosol should be specifically distilled for the hydrosol, not as a co-product or even a by-product of essential oil distillation. The plant’s cellular water has many components most are lost under pressurized short steam runs for essential oil, or by using dried material. We recommend that the producers specifically distill for a product by using plant material that is fresh.

PATCH TEST: If applying a new essential oil to your skin always perform a patch test to the inner arm (after you have diluted the EO in a vegetable carrier oil). —Wash an area of your forearm about the size of a quarter and dry carefully. Apply a diluted drop (1 drop EO + 1 drop carrier) to the area. Then apply a loose Band-Aid and wait 24 hours. If there is no reaction, then go ahead and use the oil in your formulas. —The Aromatherapy Book, Applications & Inhalations, p. 64

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS: Do not apply the essential oil neat, especially to the underarms or delicate parts of the body. Most oils are probably not to be used on babies, children or pregnant women. Many aromatherapist suggest that there are some oils not be used at all. However, as with many plants, essential oil chemistry is subject to change depending on species, chemotype, and terroir.

CONTRAINDICATIONS: Be moderate in your use of any essential oil. A little goes a long way. Remember to choose the herbal use over the essential oil use normally; an herb tea is milder than the essential oil. There are always contraindications for the excessive use of some plants and for their essential oils in both perfumery or aromatherapy.

DO NOT INGEST ESSENTIAL OILS: Although some oils are important flavoring oils in the flavor industry and thus ingested in very small amounts in many foods, especially meats and sausages, it is not a good idea to use them yourself either in capsules or in honey to take internally.

# # # #

Note: I have underlined the word Basil or Holy Basil so that wherever you see it you will be aware of which plant I am talking about. Also, I always capitalize the name of the herb or essential oil so that you will know I am speaking of the plant and not the color or taste.

Comments: I want to thank Eden Botanicals for their ongoing assistance to provide the new essential oils for these essential oil blog posts as well as their support to provide better information for the entire aromatherapy community.

Moderation in All Things.

Be moderate in your use of essential oils as they are just not sustainable for the environment.
Be selective and more moderate in your usage.
Use the herb first as tea or the infusion. —JeanneRose 2014

DISCLAIMER: This work is intended for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for accurate diagnosis and treatment by a qualified health care professional. Dosages are often not given, as that is a matter between you and your health care provider. The author is neither a chemist nor a medical doctor. The content herein is the product of research and personal and practical experience. Institute of Aromatic & Herbal Studies – Jeanne Rose©

SCIENCE ARTICLE ~ Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Azulene ..F. Alan Andersen, First Published April 1, 1999 Research Article

Science article ~ Safety assessment of Ylang–Ylang (Cananga spp.) as a food ingredientGeorge A. Burdock, Ioana Carabin. From Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 46, issue 2, February 2008, pg. 433-445.

NEROLI. Essential Oil/Hydrosol Profile

By Jeanne Rose ~ June 2019

GENERAL PROPERTIES

LIME OIL & Makrut Lime Profile

GENERAL PROPERTIES

3 Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press. 4 Employment of a new strategy for identification of lemon (Citrus limon L.) cultivars using RAPD markers. Q Mu, X Sun, G Zhong, X Wang… – African Journal, 2012 – academicjournals.org

MASTIC Essential Oil &/or Herb Resin Profile

APPLICATION/ SKINCARE: GUM MASTIC (Pistacia lentiscus)

Fan Diffuser

Abstract/Scientific Data About the Gum Resin Mastic:

~JR~

Do not Ingest essential oils: Although some oils are important flavoring oils in the flavor industry and thus ingested in very small amounts in many foods, especially meats and sausages, it is not a good idea to use them yourself either in capsules or honey to take internally.

My only analyses of Mastic using the Advanced Vocabulary of Odor

See Natural Perfumery Workbook to use. 2016.

BENZOIN/STYRAX/STORAX RESIN EO Profile By Jeanne Rose ~ Sept. 2018

Styrax and Benzoin from 1972-2018 – photo by Jeanne Rose

Some of Jeanne Rose personal 50-year collection of Storax/Styrax

Family name of the two main genus called

Benzoin/Styrax/Storax

red Siam gum benzoin

Liquidamber styraciflua –USA

Benzoin resin from Sumatra, alcohol extract courtesy of Eden Botanicals

Symbols from The Aromatherapy Book showing that Benzoin/Styrax can be a skin irritant and to dilute before use.

Burning Benzoin or Styrax Resin

Liquidamber Styrax ~ courtesy of Eden Botanicals

Use this potpourri in closets or drawers to scent your belongings.

My copy of Plinie’s Natural History – 1601

Do not Ingest essential oils: Although some oils are important flavoring oils in the flavor industry and thus ingested in very small amounts in many foods, especially meats and sausages, it is not a good idea to use them yourself either in capsules or honey to take internally.

Alchemical symbol for healing

Prayer or paternoster beads made from Amber have a long history.Amber Rosary beads with handmade linen thread – personalized

Amber bracelets, Amber oil, Amber succinite from China

•

Abstract/Scientific Data: A Brief Exposition of the Science of Mechanical Electricity: Or Electricity Proper; Subsidiary to the Course of Chemical Instruction in the University of Pennsylvania … by Robert Hare, J.G. Auner. 1840

Cistus ladanifer – the plant that produces Cistus oil and Labdanum resin

Cistus EO in the Arctander book

And I still have this fragrant Bag of Mental Health creeping around after 47 years.

Abstract/Scientific Data: Anti-Dengue Virus Activity of the Oleoresin Labdanum of Cistus creticus.

Sustainability: These items may not be sustainable in the amounts that are being used.

Endangered or not: Some of these plants are considered to be threatened and/or endangered due to heavy usage, people moving into the areas where they live and by over-tapping.

Do not Ingest essential oils: Although some oils are important flavoring oils in the flavor industry and thus ingested in very small amounts in many foods, especially meats and sausages, it is not a good idea to use them yourself either in capsules or honey to take internally.

Irritants: Some of the gums and resins can be quite irritating or sensitizing. Use the Patch Test before applying.

Fennel pollen

Fennel from an old herbal

Fennel – 40-year history with seed and pollen Fennel EO 2000; Fennel seed 2017; Manheimer Fennel EO 1977; Eden Botanicals EO 2017; Fennel Pollen & cut Fennel tops

~ JR ~

Synopsis ~ Cloves are flower buds used as spice for 2000 years and have properties and uses beyond food — to support the health of your body; includes aromatherapy information and safety tips.

CLOVE EO Profile & Information

This picture shows the two fractions of the oil during distillation, the heavy and the light weight, with a layer of water in between. It is not a hydrosol as the distillation water would have to be cohobated continually back into the still to obtain the maximum amount of co-distillate.

Organoleptic Characteristics: Color: Light yellow to pale brown when older Clarity: Clear Viscosity: Some viscosity Taste: Bitter, aromatic Intensity of Odor: 7 (Scale is 1-10 with some Lavenders about 2)

2.The old (1902) and the new (2017)

~ JR ~

Basil Essential Oil & Hydrosol Profile

The seeds from Strictly Medicinal seeds in Oregon (formerly Horizon Herbs).

Photo credited to Andrea Lay

Basil Oils and Tulsi Hydrosol – courtesy of Eden Botanicals

A 27-year collection of Basil oil with leaves

SOME CAUTIONS TO REMEMBER for all Essential Oils

DO NOT INGEST ESSENTIAL OILS: Although some oils are important flavoring oils in the flavor industry and thus ingested in very small amounts in many foods, especially meats and sausages, it is not a good idea to use them yourself either in capsules or in honey to take internally.

Science article ~ Safety assessment of Ylang–Ylang (Cananga spp.) as a food ingredient
George A. Burdock, Ioana Carabin. From Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 46, issue 2, February 2008, pg. 433-445.

³ Mabberley, D. J. Mabberley’s Plant-Book, 3^rd edition, 2014 printing, Cambridge University Press.
⁴ Employment of a new strategy for identification of lemon (Citrus limon L.) cultivars using RAPD markers. Q Mu, X Sun, G Zhong, X Wang… – African Journal, 2012 – academicjournals.org

**APPLICATION/ SKINCARE: GUM MASTIC (Pistacia lentiscus)**

**See Natural Perfumery Workbook to use. 2016.**

BENZOIN/STYRAX/STORAX RESIN EO Profile
By Jeanne Rose ~ Sept. 2018

***Liquidamber styraciflua –*USA**

**Symbols from The Aromatherapy Book showing that Benzoin/Styrax
can be a skin irritant and to dilute before use.**

Fennel – 40-year history with seed and pollen
Fennel EO 2000; Fennel seed 2017; Manheimer Fennel EO 1977; Eden Botanicals EO 2017;
Fennel Pollen & cut Fennel tops

Organoleptic Characteristics:
Color: Light yellow to pale brown when older
Clarity: Clear
Viscosity: Some viscosity
Taste: Bitter, aromatic
Intensity of Odor: 7 (Scale is 1-10 with some Lavenders about 2)